{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:23:26Z","timestamp":1784114606357,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"74","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\/144\/05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\/144\/05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n There is a lack of evidence of the effect of cue-based feeding compared with scheduled feeding on important outcomes for preterm infants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n The objectives were as follows: (1) to describe the characteristics, components, theoretical basis and outcomes of approaches to feeding preterm infants transitioning from tube to oral feeding; (2) to identify operational policies, barriers and facilitators, and staff and parents\u2019 educational needs in neonatal units implementing cue-based feeding; (3) to co-produce an intervention for feeding preterm infants in response to feeding cues; (4) to appraise the willingness of parents and staff to implement and sustain the intervention; (5) to assess associated costs of implementing cue-based feeding; (6) to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a future trial; (7) to scope existing data-recording systems and potential outcome measures; and (8) to determine stakeholders\u2019 views of whether or not a randomised controlled trial of this approach is feasible.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n This was a mixed-methods intervention development and feasibility study comprising (1) a systematic review, case studies, qualitative research and stakeholder consensus; (2) the co-production of the intervention; (3) a mixed-methods feasibility study; and (4) an assessment of stakeholder preferences for a future evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Three neonatal units in the UK (two level 3 units and one level 2 unit).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n Developmentally normal, clinically stable preterm infants receiving enteral feeds (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200950), parents (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200915 pre intervention development; n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200914 in the feasibility study) and health-care practitioners (n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200954 pre intervention development; n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200916 in the feasibility study).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention<\/jats:title>\n An evidence-informed multicomponent intervention comprising training, a feeding protocol, feeding assessment tools, supplementary training materials [including posters, a film and a narrated PowerPoint (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) presentation] and the \u2018Our Feeding Journey\u2019 document.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n The main outcome measures were recruitment and screening rates, infant weight gain, duration of the intervention, feeding outcomes, implementation outcomes (contextual facilitators and barriers, acceptability, adoption, appropriateness and fidelity) and stakeholder preferences for a future evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n The systematic review of 25 studies concluded that evidence in favour of cue-based feeding should be treated cautiously. The case studies and qualitative research highlighted contextual barriers to and facilitators of the implementation of cue-based feeding. The telephone survey found that many neonatal units are considering implementing cue-based feeding. We recruited 37% of eligible infants, and there was good retention in the study until discharge but a high loss to follow-up at 2 weeks post discharge. The mean number of days from intervention to transition to full oral feeding was 10.8, and the mean daily change in weight gain was 25\u2009g. The intervention was acceptable to parents and staff, although there was dissatisfaction with the study documentation. Intervention training did not reach all staff. A cluster-randomised design with a composite outcome was suggested by stakeholders for a future study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Limitations<\/jats:title>\n The intervention was available only in English. Intervention training did not reach all staff. There was low recruitment to qualitative interviews and observations. Only a small number of medical staff engaged in either the training or the interviews.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n It is feasible to implement a cue-based feeding intervention with improved training and documentation. Further work is needed to assess the feasibility of a future trial, noting evidence of existing lack of equipoise.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Future work<\/jats:title>\n The next steps are to digitalise the intervention and conduct a survey of all neonatal units in the UK.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study registration<\/jats:title>\n This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42018097317 and ISRCTN13414304.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 25, No. 74. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta25740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,8]],"date-time":"2021-12-08T15:59:47Z","timestamp":1638979187000},"page":"1-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Cue-based versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants transitioning from tube to oral feeding: the Cubs mixed-methods feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"25","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn13414304","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5164-2025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alison","family":"McFadden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2068-2761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bronagh","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9369-9698","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shona","family":"Shinwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5724-3383","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karen","family":"Tosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7828-0610","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Donnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tayside Clinical Trials Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3770-0580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Louise M","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health, Wellbeing and Social Care, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4005-3169","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-6431","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Steve","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3750-2445","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna","family":"Gavine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8970-6146","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Albert","family":"Farre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6154-5758","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helen","family":"Mactier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Princess Royal Maternity, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005255.pub5","article-title":"Responsive versus scheduled feeding for preterm infants","volume":"8","author":"Watson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1994.tb01953.x","article-title":"A national survey of neonatal intensive-care units: criteria used to determine readiness for oral feedings","volume":"23","author":"Siddell","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(83)80790-2","article-title":"Growth, metabolic response, and development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed banked human milk or enriched formula. I. Neonatal findings","volume":"103","author":"Tyson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1053\/siny.2002.0152","article-title":"Developmental progression of feeding skills: an approach to supporting feeding in preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Ross","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.32.6.404","article-title":"Cue-based feeding in the NICU: using the infant\u2019s communication as a guide","volume":"32","author":"Shaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adnc.2004.05.004","article-title":"An integrated review of the literature on demand feedings for preterm infants","volume":"4","author":"Crosson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334414548697","article-title":"From tube to breast: the bridging role of semi-demand breastfeeding","volume":"30","author":"Davanzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-200309000-00005","article-title":"Development of behaviors in preterm infants: relation to sleeping and waking","volume":"52","author":"Holditch-Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001814.pub2","article-title":"Developmental care for promoting development and preventing morbidity in preterm infants","volume":"2","author":"Symington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2016.256","article-title":"The prevalence of feeding problems in children formerly treated in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"37","author":"Hoogewerf","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0b013e31824b02ad","article-title":"Coregulated approach to feeding preterm infants with lung disease: effects during feeding","volume":"61","author":"Thoyre","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e004749","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004749","article-title":"Facilitators and barriers to quality of care in maternal, newborn and child health: a global situational analysis through metareview","volume":"4","author":"Nair","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F126","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306168","article-title":"Clinically stable very low birthweight infants are at risk for recurrent tissue glucose fluctuations even after fully established enteral nutrition","volume":"100","author":"Mola-Schenzle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70209-X","article-title":"Long-term effects of neonatal hypoglycemia on brain growth and psychomotor development in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants","volume":"134","author":"Duvanel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00810.x","article-title":"Early attainment of breastfeeding competence in very preterm infants","volume":"97","author":"Nyqvist","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2012.01423.x","article-title":"Estimated breastfeeding to support breastfeeding in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"42","author":"Ericson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0b013e318234ac7a","article-title":"Supporting oral feeding in fragile infants: an evidence-based method for quality bottle-feedings of preterm, ill, and fragile infants","volume":"25","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinat Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211791","article-title":"Cue-based oral feeding clinical pathway results in earlier attainment of full oral feeding in premature infants","volume":"27","author":"Kirk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib19","volume-title":"Transition to Oral Feeding for Infants on UK Neonatal Units: a Survey of Current Practices","author":"Johnson"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334413489775","article-title":"Expansion of the baby-friendly hospital initiative ten steps to successful breastfeeding into neonatal intensive care: expert group recommendations","volume":"29","author":"Nyqvist","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Hum Lact"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.010","article-title":"Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"50","author":"Craig","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Stud"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h1258","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1258","article-title":"Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"350","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6","article-title":"The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions","volume":"46","author":"Michie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib24","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (Updated March 2011)","author":"Reeves","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib25","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Updated March 2011)","author":"Higgins","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12727","article-title":"A continuous quality improvement project to implement infant-driven feeding as a standard of practice in the newborn\/infant intensive care unit","volume":"44","author":"Chrupcala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/1552-6909.12257","article-title":"Quality improvement study of effectiveness of cue-based feeding in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"42","author":"Davidson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1053\/j.nainr.2015.04.004","article-title":"Infant driven feeding for preterm infants: learning through experience","volume":"15","author":"Gelfer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Newborn Infant Nurs Rev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13658","article-title":"Every three-hour versus every six-hour oral feeding in preterm infants: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"106","author":"Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib30","volume-title":"Self-regulation of Feeding in the Premature Infant; a Randomized Trial of Ad Lib vs. Scheduled Feedings","author":"Kansas","year":"2004"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.117077","article-title":"A feeding protocol for healthy preterm infants that shortens time to oral feeding","volume":"139","author":"McCain","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0b013e318268cefb","article-title":"Transition from gavage to nipple feeding for preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"61","author":"McCain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib33","unstructured":"Messer LL. Infant-driven Feeding vs. Scheduled Feeding: The Effect on Hospital Length of Stay: PhD thesis. Minneapolis, MN: Walden University; 2016."},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib34","volume-title":"Effects of Implementation of Infant Driven Feeding (IDF) Protocols which Included Pre and Post Breast Feeding Weights in 35 Week Gestational Age Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)","author":"Murray"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199903000-00007","article-title":"The effects of prescribed versus ad libitum feedings and formula caloric density on premature infant dietary intake and weight gain","volume":"48","author":"Pridham","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2001.01907.x","article-title":"Comparison of caloric intake and weight outcomes of an ad lib feeding regimen for preterm infants in two nurseries","volume":"35","author":"Pridham","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1991.tb02533.x","article-title":"Feeding preterm infants: schedule or demand?","volume":"20","author":"Saunders","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000245","article-title":"Implementing co-regulated feeding with mothers of preterm infants","volume":"41","author":"Thoyre","year":"2016","journal-title":"MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1941-2452.1998.tb03061.x","article-title":"A comparison of outcomes in demand versus schedule formula-fed premature infants","volume":"13","author":"Waber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F495","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308296","article-title":"Infant-driven feeding in premature infants: a quality improvement project","volume":"100","author":"Wellington","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.1982.tb01036.x","article-title":"Demand vs. scheduled feedings for premature infants","volume":"11","author":"Collinge","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.35.4.217","article-title":"Eating in \u2018SINC\u2019: Safe Individualized Nipple-Feeding Competence, a quality improvement project to explore infant-driven oral feeding for very premature infants requiring noninvasive respiratory support","volume":"35","author":"Dalgleish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1891\/0730-0832.31.4.215","article-title":"Quality improvement for neonatal nurses, part II: using a PDSA quality improvement cycle approach to implement an oral feeding progression guideline for premature infants","volume":"31","author":"Marcellus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neonatal Netw"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1090583","article-title":"Cue-based feeding for preterm infants: a prospective trial","volume":"25","author":"Puckett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2016.08.006","article-title":"Does parental involvement affect the development of feeding skills in preterm infants? A prospective study","volume":"103","author":"Giann\u00ec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.08.008","article-title":"Usefulness of the Infant Driven Scale in the early identification of preterm infants at risk for delayed oral feeding independency","volume":"115","author":"Giann\u00ec","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13882_339","article-title":"A cue based oral feeding clinical pathway strategy for preterm infants reduces length of nasogastric feeding","volume":"54","author":"Ward","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2013.03.006","article-title":"The transition from tube to full oral feeding (breast or bottle) \u2013 a cue-based developmental approach","volume":"19","author":"White","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1053\/j.nainr.2007.06.007","article-title":"Changing feeding documentation to reflect infant-driven feeding practice","volume":"7","author":"Ludwig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Newborn Infant Nurs Rev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-198811000-00007","article-title":"Effect of nonnutritive sucking on behavioral state in preterm infants before feeding","volume":"37","author":"Gill","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nurs Res"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.48.6.514","article-title":"A global perspective on feeding assessment in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"48","author":"Glass","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(99)00025-0","article-title":"The development of preterm infants\u2019 breastfeeding behavior","volume":"55","author":"Nyqvist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnn.2013.01.002","article-title":"Developing a co-regulated, cue-based feeding practice: the critical role of assessment and reflection","volume":"19","author":"Thoyre","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i4919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4919","article-title":"ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10407410709336949","article-title":"A dynamical systems approach to infant oral feeding and dysphagia: from model system to therapeutic medical device","volume":"19","author":"Goldfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol Psychol"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.1998.00814.x","article-title":"Guided participation and development of care-giving competencies for families of low birth-weight infants","volume":"28","author":"Pridham","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib57","volume-title":"Guided Participation Certificate Program","author":"Pridham","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0355(198224)3:4<229::AID-IMHJ2280030405>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"Toward a synactive theory of development: promise for the assessment and support of infant individuality","volume":"3","author":"Als","year":"1982","journal-title":"Infant Ment Health J"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01001-x","article-title":"Which behaviour change techniques are effective to promote physical activity and reduce sedentary behaviour in adults: a factorial randomized trial of an e- and m-health intervention","volume":"17","author":"Schro\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12721","article-title":"Clinicians guide for cue-based transition to oral feeding in preterm infants: an easy-to-use clinical guide","volume":"24","author":"Lubbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib61","unstructured":"Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital. Cue-based Feeding In High Risk Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Infants: Barriers, Outcomes and Opportunities. Columbus, OH: Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital; 2013."},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib62","volume-title":"Feedings","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib63","volume-title":"Cue-based Feeding","author":"Baptist Health"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib64","volume-title":"Bottle Feeding Guideline","author":"Southern West Midlands Newborn Network","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib65","volume-title":"Progression from Tube to Oral Feeding (Breast or Bottle)","author":"Southern West Midlands Maternity and Newborn Network","year":"2019"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib66","article-title":"The Baby Friendly Initiative","volume-title":"Responsive Feeding: Supporting Close and Loving Relationships","author":"UNICEF UK","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib67","volume-title":"Enteral Feeding and Nutrition for the Preterm and High Risk Neonate","author":"Winnipeg Regional Health Authority","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib68","unstructured":"UNICEF UK The Baby Friendly Initiative. Guidance for Neonatal Units. London: UNICEF UK; 2016."},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib69","volume-title":"Every Feed Matters: Developmentally Supportive Feeding on the NICU","author":"Birmingham Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust and Barts Health NHS Foundation Trust","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib70","volume-title":"Trust Infant Feeding Policy","author":"Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust","year":"2017"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib71","volume-title":"Oral Feeding Guideline","author":"Alberta Health Services","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib72","volume-title":"Cue-based Feeding in the Neonatal Nurseries","author":"McMaster Children\u2019s Hospital and St Joseph\u2019s Healthcare","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib73","volume-title":"FUN-damentals of Feeding in the NICU","author":"Wolf","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib74","volume-title":"Cue-based Feeding Guideline: NICU","author":"BC Women\u2019s Hospital and Health Centre","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A67","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208064.129","article-title":"Developing a methodological framework for organisational case studies: a rapid review and consensus development process","volume":"70","author":"Rodgers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2174\/157340411796355216","article-title":"The Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) with Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC): comprehensive care for preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Als","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Womens Health Rev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib77","first-page":"98","article-title":"Subconscious vs. unconscious learning: a short review of the terms","volume":"2","author":"Rezaee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Psychol Behav Sci"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib78","first-page":"92","volume-title":"Advancing Ethnography in Corporate Environments: Challenges and Emerging Opportunities","author":"Isaacs","year":"2013"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology","volume":"3","author":"Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib80","volume-title":"Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (Neonatal)","author":"UNICEF UK","year":"2019"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1177\/1941406408328535","article-title":"Outcomes from an oral feeding protocol implemented in the NICU","volume":"1","author":"Drenckpohl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infant Child Adolesc Nutr"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g1687","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1687","article-title":"Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide","volume":"348","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-010-0319-7","article-title":"Outcomes for implementation research: conceptual distinctions, measurement challenges, and research agenda","volume":"38","author":"Proctor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adm Policy Ment Health"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117","article-title":"Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research","volume":"13","author":"Gale","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-63","article-title":"Normalisation process theory: a framework for developing, evaluating and implementing complex interventions","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-32","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"11","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-14-353","article-title":"A process for Decision-making after Pilot and feasibility Trials (ADePT): development following a feasibility study of a complex intervention for pelvic organ prolapse","volume":"14","author":"Bugge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-11-117","article-title":"Questions asked and answered in pilot and feasibility randomized controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Shanyinde","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013537","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013537","article-title":"Informing efficient randomised controlled trials: exploration of challenges in developing progression criteria for internal pilot studies","volume":"7","author":"Avery","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000259.pub3","article-title":"Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Ivers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-9-14","article-title":"No more \u2018business as usual\u2019 with audit and feedback interventions: towards an agenda for a reinvigorated intervention","volume":"9","author":"Ivers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib92","volume-title":"Optimising Early Maternal Breast Milk for Preterm Infants: A Quality Improvement Toolkit","author":"British Association of Perinatal Medicine","year":"2020"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001346","article-title":"The Ottawa Statement on the Ethical Design and Conduct of Cluster Randomized Trials","volume":"9","author":"Weijer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key20211207133749387_ref1-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4155\/cli.13.115","article-title":"Concept, characteristics and implications of cluster randomization","volume":"4","author":"Taljaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2038267","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta25740\/hta25740.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2038267","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T15:38:49Z","timestamp":1692113929000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta25740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"74","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta25740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta25740","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"5-2020","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"Contractual start date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12-2020","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"Editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7-2021","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}