{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:37:02Z","timestamp":1790735822286,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","issue":"77","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/doc\/non-commercial-government-licence\/non-commercial-government-licence.htm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["09\/162\/02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["09\/162\/02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of mortality globally and accounts for significant health resource expenditure. Increased physical activity can reduce the risk of diabetes. However, the longer-term clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of physical activity interventions in those at high risk of type 2 diabetes is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To investigate whether or not Walking Away from Diabetes (Walking Away) \u2013 a low-resource, 3-hour group-based behavioural intervention designed to promote physical activity through pedometer use in those with prediabetes \u2013 leads to sustained increases in physical activity when delivered with and without an integrated mobile health intervention compared with control.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Three-arm, parallel-group, pragmatic, superiority randomised controlled trial with follow-up conducted at 12 and 48 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Primary care and the community.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n \n Adults whose primary care record included a prediabetic blood glucose measurement recorded within the past 5 years [HbA\n 1c<\/jats:sub>\n \u2265\u200942\u2009mmol\/mol (6.0%), <\u200948\u2009mmol\/mol (6.5%) mmol\/mol; fasting glucose \u2265\u20095.5\u2009mmol\/l, <\u20097.0\u2009mmol\/l; or 2-hour post-challenge glucose \u2265\u20097.8\u2009mmol\/l, <\u200911.1\u2009mmol\/l] were recruited between December 2013 and February 2015. Data collection was completed in July 2019.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n Participants were randomised (1\u2009:\u20091\u2009:\u20091) using a web-based tool to (1) control (information leaflet), (2) Walking Away with annual group-based support or (3) Walking Away Plus (comprising Walking Away, annual group-based support and a mobile health intervention that provided automated, individually tailored text messages to prompt pedometer use and goal-setting and provide feedback, in addition to biannual telephone calls). Participants and data collectors were not blinded; however, the staff who processed the accelerometer data were blinded to allocation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n The primary outcome was accelerometer-measured ambulatory activity (steps per day) at 48 months. Other objective and self-reported measures of physical activity were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 1366 individuals were randomised (median age 61 years, median body mass index 28.4\u2009kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n , median ambulatory activity 6638 steps per day, women 49%, black and minority ethnicity 28%). Accelerometer data were available for 1017 (74%) and 993 (73%) individuals at 12 and 48 months, respectively. The primary outcome assessment at 48 months found no differences in ambulatory activity compared with control in either group (Walking Away Plus: 121 steps per day, 97.5% confidence interval \u2013290 to 532 steps per day; Walking Away: 91 steps per day, 97.5% confidence interval \u2013282 to 463). This was consistent across ethnic groups. At the intermediate 12-month assessment, the Walking Away Plus group had increased their ambulatory activity by 547 (97.5% confidence interval 211 to 882) steps per day compared with control and were 1.61 (97.5% confidence interval 1.05 to 2.45) times more likely to achieve 150 minutes per week of objectively assessed unbouted moderate to vigorous physical activity. In the Walking Away group, there were no differences compared with control at 12 months. Secondary anthropometric, biomechanical and mental health outcomes were unaltered in either intervention study arm compared with control at 12 or 48 months, with the exception of small, but sustained, reductions in body weight in the Walking Away study arm (\u2248\u20091\u2009kg) at the 12- and 48-month follow-ups. Lifetime cost-effectiveness modelling suggested that usual care had the highest probability of being cost-effective at a threshold of \u00a320,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. Of 50 serious adverse events, only one (myocardial infarction) was deemed possibly related to the intervention and led to the withdrawal of the participant from the study.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Limitations<\/jats:title>\n Loss to follow-up, although the results were unaltered when missing data were replaced using multiple imputation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Combining a physical activity intervention with text messaging and telephone support resulted in modest, but clinically meaningful, changes in physical activity at 12 months, but the changes were not sustained at 48 months.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Future work<\/jats:title>\n Future research is needed to investigate which intervention types, components and features can help to maintain physical activity behaviour change over the longer term.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN83465245.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n \n This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in\n Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>\n ; Vol. 25, No. 77. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/hta25770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T12:14:36Z","timestamp":1641557676000},"page":"1-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Behavioural interventions to promote physical activity in a multiethnic population at high risk of diabetes: PROPELS three-arm RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"25","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn83465245","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn","type":"results"}],"author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2343-7099","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Khunti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration, East Midlands, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2157-4797","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1025-312X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan","family":"Brennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6732-0864","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helen","family":"Dallosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NIHR Applied Research Collaboration, East Midlands, UK"},{"name":"Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9987-9371","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Melanie","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-3661","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Helen","family":"Eborall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Social Science Applied to Healthcare Improvement Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6485-9330","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Edwardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9284-9321","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6498-9407","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wendy","family":"Hardeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8063-7447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Heathcote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3898-7053","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph","family":"Henson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9961-6491","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katie","family":"Morton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Group, Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"UKCRC Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Innovia Technology Limited, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5630-0115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Pollard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2375-1440","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Sharp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1610-0404","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stephen","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Group, Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3690-9534","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacqui","family":"Troughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5724-5178","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Centre, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0813-z","article-title":"PRomotion Of Physical activity through structured Education with differing Levels of ongoing Support for people at high risk of type 2 diabetes (PROPELS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Yates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib2","unstructured":"IDF Diabetes Atlas. 5th edn. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, Executive Office; 2011."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.03.1433","article-title":"Life years lost and lifetime health care expenditures associated with diabetes in the United States","volume":"17","author":"Leung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2012.03698.x","article-title":"Estimating the current and future costs of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in the UK, including direct health costs and indirect societal and productivity costs","volume":"29","author":"Hex","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib5","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus and Intermediate Hyperglycaemia: Report of a WHO\/IDF Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib6","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Preventing Type 2 Diabetes: Risk Identification and Interventions for Individuals at High Risk. NICE Guidelines PH38. London: NICE; 2012."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9033","article-title":"International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes","volume":"32","author":"International Expert Committee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60283-9","article-title":"Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development","volume":"379","author":"Tab\u00e1k","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39063.689375.55","article-title":"Pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to prevent or delay type 2 diabetes in people with impaired glucose tolerance: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"334","author":"Gillies","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60766-7","article-title":"The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study","volume":"371","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61457-4","article-title":"10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study","volume":"374","author":"Knowler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69701-8","article-title":"Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow-up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study","volume":"368","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39545.585289.25","article-title":"Different strategies for screening and prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults: cost effectiveness analysis","volume":"336","author":"Gillies","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2195","article-title":"Diabetes prevention in the real world: effectiveness of pragmatic lifestyle interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes and of the impact of adherence to guideline recommendations: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Dunkley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-2222","article-title":"Global diabetes prevention interventions: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of the real-world impact on incidence, weight, and glucose","volume":"41","author":"Galaviz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1425","article-title":"Early outcomes from the English National Health Service Diabetes Prevention Program","volume":"43","author":"Valabhji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00160.2005","article-title":"Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease","volume":"99","author":"Bassuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1842","article-title":"Physical activity of moderate intensity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Jeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.1.158","article-title":"Physical activity in the prevention of type 2 diabetes: the Finnish diabetes prevention study","volume":"54","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62061-9","article-title":"Association between change in daily ambulatory activity and cardiovascular events in people with impaired glucose tolerance (NAVIGATOR trial): a cohort analysis","volume":"383","author":"Yates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001218","article-title":"Change in sedentary time, physical activity, bodyweight, and Hba1c in high-risk adults","volume":"49","author":"McCarthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0638-8","article-title":"The role of physical activity in the management of impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review","volume":"50","author":"Yates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib23","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Guidance on the Use of Patient-Education Models for Diabetes. Technology appraisal 60. London: NICE; 2003."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39474.922025.BE","article-title":"Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"336","author":"Davies","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"c4093","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4093","article-title":"Delivering the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cost effectiveness analysis","volume":"341","author":"Gillett","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-11-56","article-title":"Let\u2019s prevent diabetes: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial of an educational intervention in a multi-ethnic UK population with screen detected impaired glucose regulation","volume":"11","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0130","article-title":"Effectiveness of a pragmatic education program designed to promote walking activity in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Yates","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13254","article-title":"Walking Away from Type 2 diabetes: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Yates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12556","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial to assess the short-term effectiveness of tailored web- and text- based facilitation of smoking cessation in primary care (iQuit in Practice)","volume":"109","author":"Naughton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20686","article-title":"A text messaging-assisted randomized lifestyle weight loss clinical trial among overweight adults in Beijing","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70067-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of mobile phone messaging in prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle modification in men in India: a prospective, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e114268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114268","article-title":"Randomised trial of text messaging on adherence to cardiovascular preventive treatment (INTERACT trial)","volume":"9","author":"Wald","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14156","article-title":"Distal technology interventions in people with diabetes: an umbrella review of multiple health outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Chakranon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007457.pub2","article-title":"Mobile phone messaging for preventive health care","volume":"12","author":"Vodopivec-Jamsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13331","article-title":"Impact of accelerometer and pedometer use on physical activity and glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Baskerville","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.19.2296","article-title":"Using pedometers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review","volume":"298","author":"Bravata","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0325-1","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk in the UK south Asian community","volume":"49","author":"Barnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdh158","article-title":"How physically active are South Asians in the United Kingdom? A literature review","volume":"26","author":"Fischbacher","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.06.011","article-title":"Levels of physical activity and relationship with markers of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in 5474 white European and South Asian adults screened for type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Yates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2969-y","article-title":"Lower cardiorespiratory fitness contributes to increased insulin resistance and fasting glycaemia in middle-aged South Asian compared with European men living in the UK","volume":"56","author":"Ghouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.201012","article-title":"Physical activity behaviour and coronary heart disease mortality among South Asian people in the UK: an observational longitudinal study","volume":"97","author":"Williams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70204-3","article-title":"Effect of a lifestyle intervention on weight change in south Asian individuals in the UK at high risk of type 2 diabetes: a family-cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"2","author":"Bhopal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"(33)","key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib43","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of testing strategies for type 2 diabetes: a modelling study","volume":"19","author":"Gillett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2432-x","article-title":"Detection of impaired glucose regulation and\/or type 2 diabetes mellitus, using primary care electronic data, in a multiethnic UK community setting","volume":"55","author":"Gray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib45","volume-title":"Fenland Study: Information for Researchers","author":"Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib46","unstructured":"Leicester City Council. Diversity and Migration: Community Insights Including Facts from Census 2011. Leicester: Leicester City Council; 2012."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib47","volume-title":"Use of Glycatedhaemoglobin (HbA1c) in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Abbreviated Report of a WHO Consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib48","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Type 2 Diabetes: Prevention in People at High Risk. London: NICE; 2012."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib49","first-page":"7","article-title":"The Common Sense Representation of Illness Danger. In Rachman S, editor","volume-title":"Contributions to Medical Psychology","author":"Leventhal","year":"1980"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1384","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318199885c","article-title":"Accelerometer-determined steps per day in US adults","volume":"41","author":"Tudor-Locke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199805000-00021","article-title":"Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer","volume":"30","author":"Freedson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib52","volume-title":"UK Chief Medical Officers\u2019 Physical Activity Guidelines","author":"UK Chief Medical Officer (CMO) Guidelines Writing Group","year":"2019"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28432","article-title":"Estimating physical activity energy expenditure, sedentary time, and physical activity intensity by self-report in adults","volume":"91","author":"Besson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699579","article-title":"General cardiovascular risk profile for use in primary care: the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"117","author":"D\u2019Agostino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-015-0733-4","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk models for South Asian populations: a systematic review","volume":"61","author":"Gopal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Public Health"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182078532","article-title":"Environmental and psychological correlates of older adult\u2019s active commuting","volume":"43","author":"Panter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1001121","article-title":"Effect of valsartan on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events","volume":"362","author":"McMurray","year":"2010","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7133.736","article-title":"Variations in population health status: results from a United Kingdom national questionnaire survey","volume":"316","author":"Kind","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib59","volume-title":"How to Score and Interpret Single-item Health Status Measures: A Manual for Users of the SF-8 Health Survey: (With a Supplement on the SF-6 Health Survey)","author":"Ware","year":"2001"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","article-title":"The hospital anxiety and depression scale","volume":"67","author":"Zigmond","year":"1983","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020","article-title":"The brief illness perception questionnaire","volume":"60","author":"Broadbent","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1348\/014466605X62460","article-title":"The role of action control in implementing intentions during the first weeks of behaviour change","volume":"45","author":"Sniehotta","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Social Psychol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200434010-00001","article-title":"How many steps\/day are enough?","volume":"34","author":"Tudor-Locke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2004.04.053","article-title":"Health benefits of a pedometer-based physical activity intervention in sedentary workers","volume":"39","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.12.007","article-title":"Promoting walking with pedometers in the community: the step-by-step trial","volume":"32","author":"Merom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0400","article-title":"Impact of depression and anxiety on change to physical activity following a pragmatic diabetes prevention program within primary care: pooled analysis from two randomized controlled trials","volume":"42","author":"Yates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l4570","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4570","article-title":"Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis","volume":"366","author":"Ekelund","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib68","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose","volume":"128","author":"Santaguida","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774512450098","article-title":"Including all individuals is not enough: lessons for intention-to-treat analysis","volume":"9","author":"White","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib70","volume-title":"SPHR Diabetes Prevention Model: Detailed Description of Model Background, Methods, Assumptions and Parameters","author":"Breeze","year":"2015"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib71","volume-title":"Reference Costs","author":"NHS Improvement"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib72","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2018","author":"Curtis","year":"2018"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13314","article-title":"The impact of Type 2 diabetes prevention programmes based on risk-identification and lifestyle intervention intensity strategies: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"34","author":"Breeze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib74","unstructured":"NHS Digital. Health Survey for England 2014. Leeds: NHS Digital; 2015."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib75","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal 2013. London: NICE; 2013."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.02.001","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials II-An ISPOR Good Research Practices Task Force report","volume":"18","author":"Ramsey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib77","volume-title":"British National Formulary (online)","author":"Joint Formulary Committee"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib78","volume-title":"NHS Reference Costs","author":"Department of Health and Social Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib79","volume-title":"Working Papers","author":"Dolan","year":"1995"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2296-13-46","article-title":"Walking away from type 2 diabetes: trial protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating a structured education programme in those at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes","volume":"13","author":"Yates","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib81","volume-title":"Social Foundations of Thought and Action","author":"Bandura","year":"1986"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.54.7.493","article-title":"Implementation intentions: strong effects of simple plans","volume":"54","author":"Gollwitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib83","first-page":"7","article-title":"The common sense representation of illness danger","volume":"2","author":"Leventhal","year":"1980","journal-title":"Contributions to Medical Psychology"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib84","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Social Influence: The Ontario Symposium, Volume 5","author":"Chaiken","year":"1987"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1080\/08870446.2010.540664","article-title":"A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: the CALO-RE taxonomy","volume":"26","author":"Michie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib86","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Preventing Type 2 Diabetes: Population and Community-level Interventions. London: NICE; 2012."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/104973239300300403","article-title":"A description of think aloud method and protocol analysis","volume":"3","author":"Fonteyn","year":"1993","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib88","first-page":"445","article-title":"User-centered Design. Bainbridge W","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Abras","year":"2004"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0738-3991(98)00135-9","article-title":"The development of computer-generated tailored interventions","volume":"36","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Patient Educ Couns"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2011.649103","article-title":"A development and evaluation process for mHealth interventions: examples from New Zealand","volume":"17","author":"Whittaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Commun"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-151","article-title":"Iterative development of MobileMums: a physical activity intervention for women with young children","volume":"9","author":"Fjeldsoe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-013-9486-6","article-title":"The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions","volume":"46","author":"Michie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e161","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2171","article-title":"Increasing physical activity with mobile devices: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Fanning","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S6643","article-title":"Pilot study of a cell phone-based exercise persistence intervention post-rehabilitation for COPD","volume":"4","author":"Nguyen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9.2.e7","article-title":"Using internet and mobile phone technology to deliver an automated physical activity program: randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Hurling","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.08.003","article-title":"Efficacy of text messaging-based interventions for health promotion: a meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Head","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1974","article-title":"Pedometers and text messaging to increase physical activity: randomized controlled trial of adolescents with type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Newton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016136","article-title":"Effective techniques in healthy eating and physical activity interventions: a meta-regression","volume":"28","author":"Michie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib99","volume-title":"On the Self-regulation of Behavior","author":"Carver","year":"2001"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.5026","article-title":"A text-messaging and pedometer program to promote physical activity in people at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the development of the PROPELS follow-on support program","volume":"3","author":"Morton","year":"2015","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2452","article-title":"Changing physical activity behavior in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of behavioral interventions","volume":"35","author":"Avery","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-014-9624-9","article-title":"Which behavior change techniques are associated with changes in physical activity, diet and body mass index in people with recently diagnosed diabetes?","volume":"49","author":"Hankonen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.24.1.3","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables","volume":"24","author":"Hagger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Sport Exercise Psychol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5040\/9781718206632.ch-017","article-title":"A Hierarchical Model of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation for Sport and Physical Activity","volume-title":"Intrinsic Motivation and Self-determination in Exercise and Sport","author":"Vallerand","year":"2007"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295x.84.2.191","article-title":"Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change","volume":"84","author":"Bandura","year":"1977","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.25.4.510","article-title":"Social-cognitive determinants of physical activity: the influence of social support, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, and self-regulation among participants in a church-based health promotion study","volume":"25","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib107","volume-title":"Constructing Grounded Theory","author":"Charmaz","year":"2014"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31821ece12","article-title":"2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values","volume":"43","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02492.x","article-title":"\u2018Educator talk\u2019 and patient change: some insights from the DESMOND (Diabetes Education and Self Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed) randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Skinner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01997-4","article-title":"Promoting physical activity in a multi-ethnic population at high risk of diabetes: the 48-month PROPELS randomised controlled trial","volume":"19","author":"Khunti","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib111","volume-title":"Ethnography (Understanding Social Research)","author":"Brewer","year":"2000"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/1468794102002001640","article-title":"On writing fieldnotes: collection strategies and background expectancies","volume":"2","author":"Wolfinger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Qual Res"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2016.1151372","article-title":"Theoretical explanations for maintenance of behaviour change: a systematic review of behaviour theories","volume":"10","author":"Kwasnicka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3413604","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of psychological interventions to improve glycaemic control in adults with Type 2 diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Winkley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetic Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdv160","article-title":"A statistical model to describe longitudinal and correlated metabolic risk factors: the Whitehall II prospective study","volume":"38","author":"Breeze","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014953","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014953","article-title":"Assessing the potential return on investment of the proposed UK NHS diabetes prevention programme in different population subgroups: an economic evaluation","volume":"7","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39609.449676.25","article-title":"Predicting cardiovascular risk in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QRISK2","volume":"336","author":"Hippisley-Cox","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib118","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care 2016","author":"Curtis","year":"2016"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib119","unstructured":"Regional Drug and Therapeutics Centre (RDTC) (Newcastle). Cost Comparisons Charts. Newcastle upon Tyne: RDTC; 2019."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib120","unstructured":"NHS Digital. Prescription Cost Analysis \u2013 England, 2018. Leeds: NHS Digital; 2018."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib121","unstructured":"Hernandez Alava M, et al. Methods for Mapping Between the EQ-5D-5L and the 3L for Technology Appraisal: Report by the Decision Support Unit. Sheffield: Decision Support Unit, ScHARR, University of Sheffield; 2017."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.02.008","article-title":"Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets","volume":"15","author":"van Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v023.i04","article-title":"Systemfit: a package for estimating systems of simultaneous equations","volume":"23","author":"Henningsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys","author":"Rubin","year":"1987"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh372","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Whitehall II study","volume":"34","author":"Marmot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102293","article-title":"Wrist-worn accelerometers: recommending \u223c1.0 mg as the minimum clinically important difference (MCID) in daily average acceleration for inactive adults","volume":"55","author":"Rowlands","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib127","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd edn. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2018."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2011.07.109","article-title":"Physical (in)activity over 20 y in adulthood: associations with adult lipid levels in the 1958 British birth cohort","volume":"219","author":"Ki","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-12-159","article-title":"Effects of blood triglycerides on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 61 prospective studies","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"l2323","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l2323","article-title":"Physical activity trajectories and mortality: population based cohort study","volume":"365","author":"Mok","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2015.12.012","article-title":"A community based primary prevention programme for type 2 diabetes integrating identification and lifestyle intervention for prevention: The Let\u2019s Prevent Diabetes cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"84","author":"Davies","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002526","article-title":"Physical activity levels in adults and older adults 3-4 years after pedometer-based walking interventions: long-term follow-up of participants from two randomised controlled trials in UK primary care","volume":"15","author":"Harris","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002736","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002736","article-title":"The effect of a programme to improve men\u2019s sedentary time and physical activity: The European Fans in Training (EuroFIT) randomised controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Wyke","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60070-7","article-title":"Efficacy of a theory-based behavioural intervention to increase physical activity in an at-risk group in primary care (ProActive UK): a randomised trial","volume":"371","author":"Kinmonth","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60442-X","article-title":"Diet or diet plus physical activity versus usual care in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: the Early ACTID randomised controlled trial","volume":"378","author":"Andrews","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001054","article-title":"Four-year physical activity levels among intervention participants with type 2 diabetes","volume":"48","author":"Unick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2017-0410","article-title":"Mobile health interventions for physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep in adults aged 50 years and older: a systematic literature review","volume":"27","author":"Elavsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029966","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029966","article-title":"Intensity and duration of lifestyle interventions for long-term weight loss and association with mortality: a meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0560","article-title":"Effect of weight loss with lifestyle intervention on risk of diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Hamman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e3181557702","article-title":"The effects of weight loss on normal transaminase levels in obese patients","volume":"334","author":"Uslan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2017.07.005","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness and value of information analysis of brief interventions to promote physical activity in primary care","volume":"21","author":"Gc","year":"2018","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e021978","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021978","article-title":"Short-term and long-term cost-effectiveness of a pedometer-based exercise intervention in primary care: a within-trial analysis and beyond-trial modelling","volume":"8","author":"Anokye","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13349","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of population-based, community, workplace and individual policies for diabetes prevention in the UK","volume":"34","author":"Breeze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e013592","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013592","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of a pragmatic structured education intervention for the prevention of type 2 diabetes: economic evaluation of data from the Let\u2019s Prevent Diabetes cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Leal","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6240","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24662-y","article-title":"Discordance in glycemic categories and regression to normality at baseline in 10,000 people in a Type 2 diabetes prevention trial","volume":"8","author":"Sampson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.06.008","article-title":"The potential impact and optimal cut-points of using glycated haemoglobin, HbA1c, to detect people with impaired glucose regulation in a UK multi-ethnic cohort","volume":"90","author":"Mostafa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib147","unstructured":"NHS England and NHS Improvement. Diabetes Prevention Programme Information Governance and Data Flows Framework. London: NHS England; 2016. URL: www.england.nhs.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/diabetes-prevention-programme-information-governance-and-data-flows-framework.pdf (accessed 17 November 2021)."},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.06.035","article-title":"Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program into the community. The DEPLOY pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Ackermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0171","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes prevention in the \u2018real world\u2019: one-year results of the GOAL Implementation Trial","volume":"30","author":"Absetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12977","article-title":"Pitfalls in accelerometer-based measurement of physical activity: the presence of reactivity in an adult population","volume":"28","author":"Baumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"key20220107170605337_ref1-bib151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0922","article-title":"Effect of a behavioral intervention strategy on sustained change in physical activity and sedentary behavior in patients with type 2 diabetes: the IDES_2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"321","author":"Balducci","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2038397","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/hta25770\/hta25770.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2038397","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,15]],"date-time":"2023-08-15T11:39:14Z","timestamp":1692099554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/hta25770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":151,"journal-issue":{"issue":"77","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3310\/hta25770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/hta25770","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"11-2012","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"Contractual start date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3-2020","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"Editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6-2021","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}