{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T16:23:25Z","timestamp":1787934205379,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002001","name":"Health and Social Care Delivery Research (HSDR) Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR127920"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR127920"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Soc Care Deliv Res"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Community First Responders are trained volunteers dispatched by ambulance services to potentially life-threatening emergencies such as cardiac arrest in the first vital minutes to provide care until highly skilled ambulance staff arrive. Community First Responder schemes were first introduced to support ambulance services in rural communities, where access to prehospital emergency care is more likely to be delayed. Evidence is lacking on their contribution to rural healthcare provision, how care is provided and how this might be improved.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We aimed to describe Community First Responder activities, organisation, costs of provision and outcomes of care together with perceptions and views of patients, public, Community First Responders, ambulance service staff and commissioners of their current and future role including innovations in the rural health and care workforce.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We used a mixed-methods design, using a lens of pragmatism and the \u2018actor\u2019, \u2018behaviour change\u2019 and \u2018causal pathway\u2019 framework to integrate quantitative routine and qualitative (policy, guideline and protocol documents with stakeholder interview) data from 6 of 10 English ambulance services. We identified potential innovations in Community First Responder provision and prioritised these using a modified nominal group technique. Patients and public were involved throughout the study.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In 4.5 million incidents from six English regional ambulance services during 2019, pre COVID-19 pandemic, Community First Responders attended first a higher proportion of calls in rural areas (almost 4% of calls) than in urban areas (around 1.5%). They were significantly more likely to be called out to rural (vs. urban) areas and to attend older (vs. younger), white (vs. minority ethnic) people in more affluent (vs. deprived) areas with cardiorespiratory and neurological (vs. other emergency) conditions for higher-priority emergency or urgent (category 1 and 2 compared with category 3, 4 or 5) calls but did also attend lower-category calls for conditions such as falls. We examined 10 documents from seven ambulance services. Ambulance policies and protocols integrated Community First Responders into ambulance service structures to achieve the safe and effective operation of volunteers. Costs, mainly for training, equipment and support, varied widely but were not always clearly delineated. Community First Responders enabled a faster prehospital response time. There was no clear benefit in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest outcomes. A specific Community First Responder falls response reduced ambulance attendances and was potentially cost saving. We conducted semistructured interviews with 47 different stakeholders engaged in Community First Responder functions. This showed the trajectory of becoming a Community First Responder, the Community First Responder role, governance and practice, and the positive views of Community First Responders from stakeholders despite public lack of understanding of their role. Community First Responders\u2019 scope of practice varied between ambulance services and had developed into new areas. Innovations prioritised at the consensus workshop were changes in processes and structures and an expanded scope of practice supported by training, which included counselling, peer support, better communication with the control room, navigation and communication technology, and specific mandatory and standardised training for Community First Responders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Missing data and small numbers of interviews in some stakeholder groups (patients, commissioners) are sources of bias.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Future research<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Future research should include a robust evaluation of innovations involving Community First Responders.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This trial is registered as ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04279262.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health and Social Care Delivery Research programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR127920) and is published in full in <jats:italic>Health and Social Care Delivery Research<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 12, No. 18. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/jyrt8674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T05:49:08Z","timestamp":1721972948000},"page":"1-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Community First Responders\u2019 role in the current and future rural health and care workforce: a mixed-methods study"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-8201","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aloysius Niroshan","family":"Siriwardena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, 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