{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T07:47:50Z","timestamp":1767858470835,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) are characterised by increased sputum volume, purulence and breathlessness. Patients are encouraged to recognise and treat acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as part of a self-management plan. Only half of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are caused by bacterial infection, but self-management plans generally advocate use of antibiotics and steroids for all events, hence antibiotics may be overused. Sputum colour relates closely to bacterial load; thus it\u00a0could determine whether antibiotics are appropriate. This pragmatic randomised controlled trial tested whether use of a sputum colour chart is safe and effective in United Kingdom primary care.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Colour chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was a multicentre, randomised controlled trial in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who had \u2265\u20052 acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or \u2265\u20051 hospital admission for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the preceding year. The primary objective was to demonstrate that the Bronkotest<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (London)\u00a0sputum colour chart is non-inferior to usual care (safe). The primary outcome was rate of hospital admission for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at 12 months; secondary outcomes included requirement for second courses of treatment and quality of life (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test score). Nested substudies examining daily symptoms via an e-diary and sputum culture assessed untreated acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rate and antibiotic resistance, respectively. A process evaluation examined trial fidelity and acceptability of the intervention, employing qualitative research methods incorporating patients as co-researchers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study was terminated early due to low recruitment (115\/2954 planned sample size).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred and fifteen patients were recruited and randomised 1\u2005:\u20051 to colour chart use or usual care; they generally had severe Global Initiative for Chronic\u00a0Obstructive Lung Disease D chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with significant breathlessness (54% Medical Research Council score of 4 or 5) and poor quality of life (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test score at baseline 24). Comorbid respiratory and systemic disease was common. Self-management was delivered well in both arms, and the colour chart acceptable to patients and staff; no specific issues for patients with multiple long-term conditions were identified. Hospital admissions for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease tended to occur more in colour chart users [32 vs. 16%, relative risk 1.95 (0.92 to 4.18)], and antibiotic courses within 14 days of initial acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment were also more common [34 vs. 18%, adjusted relative risk 1.80 (0.85 to 3.79)]. Despite this, quality of life was better in colour chart users at 12 months [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessment test 19.9 vs. \u221224.5, adjusted mean difference \u22122.95 (\u22125.93 to \u22120.04)]. Thirty-eight patients consented to the sputum substudy, and 57 samples were received (42 stable state, 15 during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), of which 30% contained a potentially pathogenic bacterium. Sputum was more likely to be purulent in subjects with bronchiectasis, independent of disease state (stable vs. exacerbation) or whether the sample was positive for a potentially pathogenic bacterium, suggesting that colour alone cannot be used to guide antibiotic use. Eleven patients completed the e-diary study, and 42 symptom-defined acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease events were captured, many of which were untreated, exhibiting lower EXAcerbations of Chronic Pulmonary Disease Tool scores than those which were treated. Untreated events were slower to settle. Differences between study arms were not meaningful to compute due to low numbers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Conclusion and future work<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results imply that the Bronkotest sputum colour chart is unlikely to be a useful addition to self-management for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in primary care, but further work is required to confirm this.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This synopsis presents independent research funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme as award number 17\/128\/04.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/kpfd5558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T13:23:37Z","timestamp":1748265817000},"page":"1-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sputum colour charts to guide antibiotic self-treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the Colour-COPD RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8083-2947","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleni","family":"Gkini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1798-3854","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel L","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4054-0314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniella","family":"Spittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Inflammation and Aging, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3817-3882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4559-725X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine","family":"Allsopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent patient\/public co-analyst, Institute of Education (UCL), London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-2895","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sanya","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent patient\/public co-analyst, Institute of Education (UCL), London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7425-2062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"McKenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3759-0552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nick","family":"le Mesurier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5295-8841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicola","family":"Gale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Management Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-2917","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Tearne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birmingham Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9087-3945","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peymane","family":"Adab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, 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