{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:16:43Z","timestamp":1792545403606,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR128782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR128782"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Chronic pain is common and costly. Antidepressants are prescribed to reduce pain. However, there has not been a network meta-analysis examining all antidepressants across all chronic pain conditions, so effectiveness and safety for most antidepressants for pain conditions remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To assess the efficacy and safety of antidepressants for chronic pain (except headache) in adults. Our primary outcomes were as follows: substantial pain relief (50%), pain intensity, mood and adverse events. Our secondary outcomes were as follows: moderate pain relief (30%), physical function, sleep, quality of life, Patient Global Impression of Change, serious adverse events and withdrawal.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n This was a systematic review with a network meta-analysis. We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, AMED and PsycINFO databases for randomised controlled trials of antidepressants for chronic pain conditions up until 4 January 2022. The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020171855), and the protocol was published in the Cochrane Library (https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD014682).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n We analysed trials from all settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n We included trials in which participants had chronic pain, defined as longer than 3 months, from any condition excluding headache.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n We included all antidepressants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n Our primary outcome was substantial pain relief, defined as a reduction \u02c3\u200550%. We also measured pain intensity, mood and adverse events. Secondary measures included moderate pain relief (above 30% reduction), physical function, sleep, quality of life, Global Impression of Change, serious adverse events, and withdrawal from trial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We identified 176 studies with a total of 28,664 participants. Most studies were placebo-controlled (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 83) and parallel armed (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 141). The most common pain conditions examined were fibromyalgia (59 studies), neuropathic pain (49 studies) and musculoskeletal pain (40 studies). The average length of randomised controlled trials was 10 weeks. Most studies measured short-term outcomes only and excluded people with low mood and other mental health conditions.\n <\/jats:p>\n Across efficacy outcomes, duloxetine was consistently the highest-ranked antidepressant with moderate- to high-certainty evidence. Standard dose was equally efficacious as high dose for the majority of outcomes. Milnacipran was often ranked as the next most efficacious antidepressant, although the certainty of evidence was lower than that for duloxetine. There was insufficient evidence to draw robust conclusions for the efficacy and safety of any other antidepressant for chronic pain.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Limitations<\/jats:title>\n The evidence for antidepressants other than duloxetine is poor. For duloxetine, it is not clear whether the effect applies to groups with both pain and low mood, since these groups were excluded from trials. There is also insufficient evidence on long-term outcomes and on adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n There is only reliable evidence for duloxetine in the treatment of chronic pain. Duloxetine was moderately efficacious across all outcomes at standard dose. There is also promising evidence for milnacipran, although further high-quality research is needed to be confident in these conclusions. Data for all other antidepressants were of low certainty. However, the findings should not be read as an encouragement to prescribe antidepressants where other non-pharmacological intervention could be equally effective, especially in the absence of good evidence on side effects and safety.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Future work<\/jats:title>\n There is a need for large, methodologically sound trials testing the effectiveness of antidepressants for chronic pain. These trials should examine long-term outcomes (> 6 months) and include people with low mood. There should also be better reporting of adverse events, tolerance of drugs, and long-term compliance.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study registration<\/jats:title>\n This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42020171855.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Funding<\/jats:title>\n \n This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR128782) and is published in full in\n Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>\n ; Vol. 28, No. 62. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/mkrt2948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T10:31:42Z","timestamp":1712745102000},"page":"1-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-2995","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hollie","family":"Birkinshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5841-4324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Friedrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2762-2144","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Pain Relief Unit, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-1543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Eccleston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Pain Research, University of Bath, Bath, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8388-0776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marc","family":"Serfaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5684-1544","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gavin","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0096-251X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Keele, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7932-5136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired, Plymouth, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2672-7841","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David","family":"Phillippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3172-5624","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamar","family":"Pincus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref1-bib1","volume-title":"Chronic Pain has Arrived in the ICD-11. IASP News","author":"Bark"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref2-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001384","article-title":"Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11)","volume":"160","author":"Treede","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref3-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00341.x","article-title":"Duloxetine use in chronic painful conditions \u2013 individual patient data responder analysis","volume":"18","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref4-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010364","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010364","article-title":"Prevalence of chronic pain in the UK: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population studies","volume":"6","author":"Fayaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref5-bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.023","article-title":"Chronic pain: a review of its epidemiology and associated factors in population based studies","volume":"123","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref6-bib6","volume-title":"Quantifying Health Inequalities in England","author":"Watt","year":"2022"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref7-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0099048","article-title":"Chronic pain and mortality: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref8-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001193","article-title":"Pain and mortality: mechanisms for a relationship","volume":"159","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref10-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.009","article-title":"Survey of chronic pain in Europe: prevalence, impact on daily life and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Breivik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref11-bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000454","article-title":"Pain and the global burden of disease","volume":"157","author":"Rice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref12-bib12","volume-title":"Pain Proposal: Improving the Current and Future Management of Chronic Pain","author":"European Pain Federation"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref13-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-144","article-title":"Annual consultation prevalence of regional musculoskeletal problems in primary care: an observational study","volume":"11","author":"Jordan","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref14-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-018-2075-x","article-title":"An update on the prevalence of low back pain in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"19","author":"Morris","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref15-bib15","volume-title":"The Impact of Back Pain on Sickness Absence in Europe","author":"Bevan","year":"2012"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref16-bib16","volume-title":"Sickness Absence in the UK","author":"Office for National Statistics"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref17-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-013-0421-0","article-title":"Pain and depression: an integrative review of neurobiological and psychological factors","volume":"15","author":"Goesling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref18-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.02.039","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: moderate and substantial pain intensity reduction predicts improvement in other outcomes and substantial quality of life gain","volume":"149","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref19-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32802-7","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"391","author":"Cipriani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref20-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(17)30015-9","article-title":"How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches","volume":"4","author":"Harmer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref21-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2019","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: from mechanisms to treatment","volume":"101","author":"Finnerup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref22-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9934","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1004-18.2018","article-title":"A dual noradrenergic mechanism for the relief of neuropathic allodynia by the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and amitriptyline","volume":"38","author":"Kremer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref23-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.05.057","article-title":"Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus pathways in pain modulation","volume":"338","author":"Llorca-Torralba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref24-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18112483","article-title":"Analgesic mechanisms of antidepressants for neuropathic pain","volume":"18","author":"Obata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref25-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.03.034","article-title":"Analgesic antidepressants promote the responsiveness of locus coeruleus neurons to noxious stimulation: implications for neuropathic pain","volume":"153","author":"Alba-Delgado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref26-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01058-8","article-title":"Pragmatic but flawed: the NICE guideline on chronic pain","volume":"397","author":"Eccleston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref27-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr7103a1","article-title":"CDC Clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain, United States, 2022","volume":"71","author":"Dowell","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref28-bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6803179","article-title":"PEER simplified chronic pain guideline: Management of chronic low back, osteoarthritic, and neuropathic pain in primary care","volume":"68","author":"Korownyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref29-bib29","volume-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Chronic Pain. Japan","author":"The Committee for Clinical Practice Guideline, for the Management of Chronic Pain","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref30-bib30","volume-title":"Chronic Pain (Primary and Secondary) in Over 16s: Assessment of All Chronic Pain and Management of Chronic Primary Pain","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref31-bib31","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropathic Pain in Adults: Pharmacological Management in Non-specialist Settings"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref32-bib32","volume-title":"Low Back Pain and Sciatica in Over 16s: Assessment and Management","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref33-bib33","volume-title":"Osteoarthritis in Over 16s: Diagnosis and Management","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2022"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref34-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00218-4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of citalopram in the treatment of fibromyalgia","volume":"61","author":"N\u00f8rregaard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref35-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2004.010868","article-title":"The response to sertraline in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref36-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.02.005","article-title":"Heart-focused anxiety as a mediating variable in the treatment of noncardiac chest pain by cognitive-behavioral therapy and paroxetine","volume":"69","author":"Spinhoven","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref37-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12455","article-title":"The use of analgesic and other pain relief drugs to manage chronic low back pain: results from a national survey","volume":"17","author":"Gouveia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref38-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.07.023","article-title":"The burden of chronic pain: a cross-sectional survey focussing on diseases, immigration, and opioid use","volume":"153","author":"Kurita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref39-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13709","article-title":"The\u2018top 100\u2019 drugs and classes in England: an update \u2018starter formulary\u2019 for trainee prescribers","volume":"84","author":"Audi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref40-bib40","volume-title":"OpenPrescribing.net. www.openprescribing.net","author":"Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, University of Oxford","year":"2022"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref42-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027663","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027663","article-title":"Multinational comparison of new antidepressant use in older adults: a cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Tamblyn","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref43-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2017.00307","article-title":"Adverse effects of antidepressants for chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Riediger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref44-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.02.013","article-title":"Antidepressant-placebo differences for specific adverse events in major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"267","author":"Sinyor","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref45-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta15280","article-title":"A study of the safety and harms of antidepressant drugs for older people: a cohort study analysis using a large primary care database","volume":"15","author":"Coupland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref46-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d4551","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4551","article-title":"Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population based cohort study","volume":"343","author":"Coupland","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref47-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1350","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1350","article-title":"Antidepressant use and risk of cardiovascular outcomes in people aged 20 to 64: cohort study using primary care database","volume":"352","author":"Coupland","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref48-bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h517","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h517","article-title":"Antidepressant use and risk of suicide and attempted suicide or self harm in people aged 20 to 64: cohort study using a primary care database","volume":"350","author":"Coupland","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref49-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-015-0701-9","article-title":"Antidepressant use and risk of epilepsy and seizures in people aged 20 to 64 years: cohort study using a primary care database","volume":"15","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref50-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.06.021","article-title":"Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref51-bib51","volume-title":"Chronic Pain in Over 16s: Assessment and Management","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref52-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011605","article-title":"Milnacipran for neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"2015","author":"Derry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref53-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011605","article-title":"Nortriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"1","author":"Derry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref54-bib54","article-title":"Venlafaxine for neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"2015","author":"Gallagher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref55-bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011003","article-title":"Desipramine for neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"2014","author":"Hearn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref56-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011003","article-title":"Imipramine for neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"2014","author":"Hearn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref57-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011603","article-title":"Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults","volume":"2015","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref58-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnz075","article-title":"A comprehensive algorithm for the management of neuropathic pain","volume":"20","author":"Bates","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref59-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70251-0","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Finnerup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref60-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/754693","article-title":"Pharmacological management of chronic neuropathic pain: revised consensus statement from the Canadian Pain Society","volume":"19","author":"Moulin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref61-bib61","article-title":"Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"2015","author":"Walitt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref62-bib62","article-title":"Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia","volume":"2","author":"Welsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref63-bib63","article-title":"Mirtazapine for fibromyalgia in adults","volume":"8","author":"Welsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref64-bib64","article-title":"Antidepressants for non\u2010specific low back pain","volume":"2008","author":"Urquhart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref65-bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2018.1454430","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for chronic non-specific low back pain: current and future options","volume":"19","author":"Koes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref66-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.344","article-title":"Will this patient develop persistent disabling low back pain?","volume":"303","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref67-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90107-M","article-title":"The treatment of depression in chronic low back pain: review and recommendations","volume":"50","author":"Sullivan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref68-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1177\/070674370805300403","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic pain with psychological comorbidity: prevalence, risk, course, and prognosis","volume":"53","author":"Tunks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref69-bib69","first-page":"655","article-title":"Prognostic factors for musculoskeletal pain in primary care: a systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Mallen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref70-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22273","article-title":"Fear avoidance and prognosis in back pain: a systematic review and synthesis of current evidence","volume":"54","author":"Pincus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref71-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2016.04.001","article-title":"Pain-related distress and clinical depression in chronic pain: a comparison between two measures","volume":"12","author":"Rusu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref72-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60879-5","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of depression in primary care: a meta-analysis","volume":"374","author":"Mitchell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref73-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705004812","article-title":"Accuracy of diagnosing depression in primary care: the impact of chronic somatic and psychiatric co-morbidity","volume":"35","author":"Nuyen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref74-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"f7140","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f7140","article-title":"Medicalising unhappiness: new classification of depression risks more patients being put on drug treatment from which they will not benefit","volume":"347","author":"Dowrick","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref75-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1353\/pbm.0.0009","article-title":"An epidemic of depression or the medicalization of distress?","volume":"51","author":"Mulder","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect Biol Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref76-bib76","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.1","author":"Higgins","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref77-bib77","article-title":"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref79-bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.09.005","article-title":"Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Dworkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref80-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref82-bib82","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis in the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref83-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010919","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010919","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and acceptability of first-generation and second-generation antidepressants in the acute treatment of major depression: protocol for a network meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Furukawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref84-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-159-2-201307160-00008","article-title":"Conceptual and technical challenges in network meta-analysis","volume":"159","author":"Cipriani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref85-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1159\/000209348","article-title":"Does study design influence outcome? The effects of placebo control and treatment duration in antidepressant trials","volume":"78","author":"Rutherford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref86-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7521.897","article-title":"Simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments: combining direct and indirect evidence","volume":"331","author":"Caldwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref87-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2011.04.002","article-title":"Interpreting indirect treatment comparisons and network meta-analysis for health-care decision making: report of the ISPOR Task Force on Indirect Treatment Comparisons Good Research Practices: part 1","volume":"14","author":"Jansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref88-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1214\/20-BA1221","article-title":"Rank-normalization, folding, and localization: an improved method for assessing convergence of MCMC","volume":"16","author":"Vehtari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref89-bib89","volume-title":"Current Trends in Bayesian Methodology with Applications","author":"Betancourt","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref90-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X13485157","article-title":"Evidence synthesis for decision making 3: heterogeneity-subgroups, meta-regression, bias, and bias-adjustment","volume":"33","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref91-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X12455847","article-title":"Evidence synthesis for decision making 4: inconsistency in networks of evidence based on randomized controlled trials","volume":"33","author":"Dias","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref92-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X17725740","article-title":"Methods for population-adjusted indirect comparisons in health technology appraisal","volume":"38","author":"Phillippo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref93-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003082","article-title":"CINeMA: an approach for assessing confidence in the results of a network meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Nikolakopoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref94-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.04.018","article-title":"Development of the summary of findings table for network meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Yepes-Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref95-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.5414\/CP202546","article-title":"Pain leads the way: the development of evidence-based medicine for pain relief","volume":"54","author":"Wiffen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref96-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.3399\/BJGP.2020.0797","article-title":"Nortriptyline for pain in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind randomised controlled trial in New Zealand general practice","volume":"71","author":"Hudson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref97-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S170646","article-title":"Duloxetine in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain in Japan: a randomized, double-blind, noninferiority comparative study with pregabalin","volume":"11","author":"Enomoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref98-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)01089-0","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, flexible-dose study of fluoxetine in the treatment of women with fibromyalgia","volume":"112","author":"Arnold","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref99-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31827a784e","article-title":"Combining cognitive-behavioral therapy and milnacipran for fibromyalgia: a feasibility randomized-controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Ang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref100-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.01.009","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the alpha4beta2 neuronal nicotinic receptor agonist ABT-894 in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain","volume":"153","author":"Rowbotham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref101-bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1793","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of amitriptyline and duloxetine in painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref102-bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000558","article-title":"Combination of pregabalin with duloxetine for fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"157","author":"Gilron","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref103-bib103","first-page":"697","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, controlled study of amitriptyline, nortriptyline and placebo in patients with fibromyalgia. An analysis of outcome measures","volume":"19","author":"Heymann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref104-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0656","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of amitriptyline, duloxetine, and pregabalin in patients with chronic diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: impact on pain, polysomnographic sleep, daytime functioning, and quality of life","volume":"35","author":"Boyle","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref105-bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31819be587","article-title":"A 1-year safety and efficacy study of duloxetine in patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"25","author":"Chappell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref106-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e3180333ed5","article-title":"Efficacy of noradrenergic and serotonergic antidepressants in chronic back pain: a preliminary concentration-controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"Atkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref107-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780391111","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of fluoxetine and amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia","volume":"39","author":"Goldenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref108-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50055","article-title":"North of England IBS Research Group. The cost-effectiveness of psychotherapy and paroxetine for severe irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"124","author":"Creed","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref109-bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-010-9135-9","article-title":"Neurofeedback intervention in fibromyalgia syndrome; a randomized, controlled, rater blind clinical trial","volume":"35","author":"Kayiran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref110-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-2004-17204","article-title":"A study to compare the therapeutic efficacy of aerobic exercise and paroxetine in fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Sencan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabil"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref111-bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529609006404","article-title":"A new pharmacologic treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorder. A double-blind placebo controlled study with mianserin","volume":"31","author":"Tanum","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref112-bib112","volume-title":"Comparison of Psychological and Pharmacological Treatments for Pain Due to Temporomandibular Joint Disorder (TMD)","author":"NCT","year":"2003"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref113-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)91089-2","article-title":"Low dose amitriptyline in chronic pain: the gain is modest","volume":"42","author":"Zitman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref114-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(97)00215-8","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind crossover trial of sertraline in women with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"44","author":"Engel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref115-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00138-7","article-title":"Amitriptyline effectively relieves neuropathic pain following treatment of breast cancer","volume":"64","author":"Kalso","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref116-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-005-0076-2","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of two antidepressants on exercise performance of the female patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"25","author":"Ozerbil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref117-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/030006058801600502","article-title":"A comparison of dothiepin versus placebo in the treatment of pain in rheumatoid arthritis and the association of pain with depression","volume":"16","author":"Sarzi Puttini","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref118-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1053\/eujp.2001.0266","article-title":"Venlafaxine in neuropathic pain following treatment of breast cancer","volume":"6","author":"Tasmuth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref119-bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198609000-00003","article-title":"Tricyclic antidepressants for chronic low-back pain. Mechanisms of action and predictors of response","volume":"11","author":"Ward","year":"1986","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref120-bib120","volume-title":"Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Paroxetine, a Selective Serotonin re-uptake Inhibitor. GSK \u2013 Clinical Study Register","author":"GlaxoSmithKline","year":"2005"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref121-bib121","volume-title":"Effect of Milnacipran in Chronic Neuropathic Low Back Pain","author":"NCT","year":"2010"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref122-bib122","volume-title":"Milnacipran for Chronic Pain in Knee Osteoarthritis","author":"NCT","year":"2011"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref123-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S43395","article-title":"Results of switching to milnacipran in fibromyalgia patients with an inadequate response to duloxetine: a phase IV pilot study","volume":"6","author":"Bateman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref124-bib124","first-page":"39","article-title":"Pregabalin versus amitriptyline in the treatment of fibromyalgia patients (a double blind comparative study)","volume":"14","author":"Hammody","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iraqi Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref125-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.16.1931","article-title":"Randomized double-blind study comparing the efficacy of gabapentin with amitriptyline on diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain","volume":"159","author":"Morello","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref126-bib126","first-page":"192","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of pregabalin, venlafaxine, and carbamazepine in patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. A randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"19","author":"Razazian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosciences"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref127-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2013.861812","article-title":"Milnacipran effects on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate in fibromyalgia patients: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study","volume":"30","author":"Trugman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref128-bib128","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus duloxetine on the laboratory indices of inflammation in fibromyalgia: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Zabihiyeganeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ration Emot Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref129-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000622","article-title":"Efficacy of mirtazapine for the treatment of fibromyalgia without concomitant depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa study in Japan","volume":"157","author":"Miki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref131-bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199712000-00009","article-title":"A comparison of amitriptyline and maprotiline in the treatment of painful polyneuropathy in diabetics and nondiabetics","volume":"13","author":"Vrethem","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref132-bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06415-5","article-title":"Tolerating bad health research: the continuing scandal","volume":"23","author":"Pirosca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref133-bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02166-3","article-title":"ROB-MEN: a tool to assess risk of bias due to missing evidence in network meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chiocchia","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref134-bib134","article-title":"Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy, chronic pain or fibromyalgia","volume":"2014","author":"Lunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref135-bib135","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for the treatment of back pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"372","author":"Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref136-bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.08.007","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness: an approach to clinical trial design more relevant to clinical practice, acknowledging the importance of individual differences","volume":"149","author":"Moore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref137-bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-500X.72352","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomized trials","volume":"1","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref138-bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(99)00093-7","article-title":"Reporting of adverse effects in clinical trials should be improved: lessons from acute postoperative pain","volume":"18","author":"Edwards","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"key2024100517090500_ref139-bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024537","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024537","article-title":"Analysis and reporting of adverse events in randomised controlled trials: a review","volume":"9","author":"Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2046265","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/MKRT2948\/MKRT2948.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2046265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,5]],"date-time":"2024-10-05T07:44:32Z","timestamp":1728114272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/MKRT2948"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":134,"alternative-id":["10.3310\/MKRT2948"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/mkrt2948","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"04-2020","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"contractual_start_date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"04-2023","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"03-2024","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}