{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:57:36Z","timestamp":1790751456509,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001923","name":"NIHR Health Services Research Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GB-GOV-10-RIGHT_5_NIHR204850)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GB-GOV-10-RIGHT_5_NIHR204850)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["openresearch.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["NIHR Open Res"],"abstract":"<ns3:p>\n                    Introduction Climate change is a major global health challenge of the 21\n                    <ns3:sup>st<\/ns3:sup>\n                    century associated with the increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events, including heavy rainfall and flooding. These extreme weather events are particularly disruptive in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), as they damage infrastructure, impede access to healthcare, and destabilize service delivery. Such disruptions heighten risks of missed or delayed antenatal care, reliance on unskilled obstetric care, and interruptions in postpartum care, contributing to adverse maternal and newborn outcomes. Despite growing evidence linking climatic hazards to poor maternal health, the pathways through which extreme weather events, specifically heavy rainfall and flooding affect the delivery of maternal health services remain insufficiently mapped. Objective To map and synthesize existing evidence on how heavy rainfall and flooding affect accessibility and quality of maternal health service delivery during pregnancy and childbirth in LMICs. Methods This scoping review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for scoping reviews. We will include quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies, as well as relevant reports and evaluations. A comprehensive search strategy will be developed in consultation with a research librarian, and implemented in MEDLINE, Global Health, and Web of Science, complemented by relevant grey literature sources, to identify articles published between 1990 and 2025. Screening will be conducted independently by two reviewers using Covidence, with discrepancies resolved through discussion. Data will be extracted using a standardized charting form and synthesized narratively to capture patterns and mechanisms of service disruption. Conclusion This scoping review aims to map and synthesize existing evidence on the effects of heavy rainfall and flooding on maternal health service delivery in LMICs. By identifying key patterns, challenges, and gaps in the literature, the review will inform future research and support policy and planning efforts to strengthen climate-resilient maternal health services.\n                  <\/ns3:p>","DOI":"10.3310\/nihropenres.14311.1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1789535647000},"page":"121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/nihropenres.crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heavy Rainfall and Flooding Effects on Maternal Health Service Delivery During Pregnancy and Childbirth in LMICs: A scoping review protocol."],"prefix":"10.3310","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2660-3630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentine","family":"Bahati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Implementation Research Nairobi Nairobi County KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moriasi","family":"Nyanchoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Implementation Research Nairobi Nairobi County KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2022-1962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline","family":"Karing\u2019u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Implementation Research Nairobi Nairobi County KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3553-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conrad","family":"Wanyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Implementation Research Nairobi Nairobi County KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi"},{"name":"Heath Systems Collaborative, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford England University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1340-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacob","family":"McKnight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heath Systems Collaborative, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford England University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6874-8929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michuki","family":"Maina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Implementation Research Nairobi Nairobi County KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme Nairobi"},{"name":"Heath Systems Collaborative, Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine Oxford England University of Oxford"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref2","article-title":"Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Chapter 3: Observations: surface and atmospheric climate change."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389-1407","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15229","article-title":"Climate change and global health: A call to more research and more action.","volume":"77","author":"I Agache","year":"2022 May","journal-title":"Allergy."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10-14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2021.11.005","article-title":"The impact of flood on pregnancy outcomes: A review article.","volume":"61","author":"N Partash","year":"2022 Jan","journal-title":"Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Standards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in health facilities.","year":"2016 cited 2026 Jan 19"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358-1369","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61578-5","article-title":"Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health: from slogan to service delivery.","volume":"370","author":"K Kerber","year":"2007 Oct","journal-title":"The Lancet."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748-758","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-020-02917-3","article-title":"Impact of Recurrent Floods on the Utilization of Maternal and Newborn Healthcare in Bangladesh.","volume":"24","author":"A Baten","year":"2020 Apr","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4594","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16234594","article-title":"Effects of Climate Change and Maternal Morality: Perspective from Case Studies in the Rural Area of Bangladesh.","volume":"16","author":"A Abdullah","year":"2019 Nov 20","journal-title":"IJERPH."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","year":"2024","journal-title":"JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"ref17","article-title":"Covidence - Better systematic review management.","year":"cited 2026 Feb 2"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467-473","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation.","volume":"169","author":"A Tricco","year":"2018 Oct 2","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"Heavy rainfall and flooding effects on maternal health service delivery during pregnancy and childbirth in LMICs: a scoping review protocol.","author":"V Wafula","year":"2026 Mar 12 cited 2026 Jun 15"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/2HDGOU","article-title":"PRISMA-ScR Checklist for Heavy Rainfall and Flooding Effects on Maternal Health Service Delivery During Pregnancy and Childbirth in LMIC.","author":"V Wafula","year":"2026 cited 2026 Jun 15","journal-title":"Harvard Dataverse."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045-1049","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13451","article-title":"Quality of care for pregnant women and newborns\u2014the WHO vision.","volume":"122","author":"O Tun\u00e7alp","year":"2015 Jul","journal-title":"BJOG."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161-171","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1425.011","article-title":"Poverty and access to health care in developing countries.","volume":"1136","author":"D Peters","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."}],"container-title":["NIHR Open Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/openresearch.nihr.ac.uk\/articles\/6-121\/v1\/xml","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openresearch.nihr.ac.uk\/articles\/6-121\/v1\/pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/openresearch.nihr.ac.uk\/articles\/6-121\/v1\/iparadigms","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:14:09Z","timestamp":1790748849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/openresearch.nihr.ac.uk\/articles\/6-121\/v1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"references-count":14,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/nihropenres.14311.1","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3310\/nihropenres.15594.r42130","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3310\/nihropenres.15594.r42129","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3310\/nihropenres.15594.r42129","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2633-4402"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-4402","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Indexed","URL":"https:\/\/openresearch.nihr.ac.uk\/articles\/6-121\/v1#article-reports","order":0,"name":"referee-status","label":"Referee status","group":{"name":"current-referee-status","label":"Current Referee Status"}},{"value":"10.3310\/nihropenres.15594.r42130, Cara Schulte, Climate Rights International, Berkeley, CA, 16 Sep 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/openresearch.nihr.ac.uk\/articles\/6-121\/v1#referee-response-42130","order":0,"name":"referee-response-42130","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"10.3310\/nihropenres.15594.r42129, Dell Saulnier, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 30 Sep 2026, version 1, indexed","URL":"https:\/\/openresearch.nihr.ac.uk\/articles\/6-121\/v1#referee-response-42129","order":1,"name":"referee-response-42129","label":"Referee Report","group":{"name":"article-reports","label":"Article Reports"}},{"value":"This project is funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) under (Grant Reference Number NIHR204850). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"grant-information","label":"Grant Information"},{"value":"This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.","order":0,"name":"copyright-info","label":"Copyright"}]}}