{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T07:13:05Z","timestamp":1773299585403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/67\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/67\/12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Atopic eczema is a common childhood skin problem linked with asthma, food allergy and allergic rhinitis that impairs quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine whether advising parents to apply daily emollients in the first year can prevent eczema and\/or other atopic diseases in high-risk children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A United Kingdom, multicentre, pragmatic, two-arm, parallel-group randomised controlled prevention trial with follow-up to 5 years.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twelve secondary and four primary care centres.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Healthy infants (at least 37 weeks\u2019 gestation) at high risk of developing eczema, screened and consented during the third trimester or post delivery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Infants were randomised (1 : 1) within 21 days of birth to apply emollient (Doublebase Gel\u00ae; Dermal Laboratories Ltd, Hitchin, UK or Diprobase Cream\u00ae) daily to the whole body (excluding scalp) for the first year, plus standard skin-care advice (emollient group) or standard skin-care advice only (control group). Families were not blinded to allocation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Primary outcome was eczema diagnosis in the last year at age 2 years, as defined by the UK Working Party refinement of the Hanifin and Rajka diagnostic criteria, assessed by research nurses blinded to allocation. Secondary outcomes up to age 2 years included other eczema definitions, time to onset and severity of eczema, allergic rhinitis, wheezing, allergic sensitisation, food allergy, safety (skin infections and slippages) and cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One thousand three hundred and ninety-four newborns were randomised between November 2014 and November 2016; 693 emollient and 701 control. Adherence in the emollient group was 88% (466\/532), 82% (427\/519) and 74% (375\/506) at 3, 6 and 12 months. At 2 years, eczema was present in 139\/598 (23%) in the emollient group and 150\/612 (25%) in controls (adjusted relative risk 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.16; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.61 and adjusted risk difference \u22121.2%, 95% confidence interval \u22125.9% to 3.6%). Other eczema definitions supported the primary analysis. Food allergy (milk, egg, peanut) was present in 41\/547 (7.5%) in the emollient group versus 29\/568 (5.1%) in controls (adjusted relative risk 1.47, 95% confidence interval 0.93 to 2.33). Mean number of skin infections per child in the first year was 0.23 (standard deviation 0.68) in the emollient group versus 0.15 (standard deviation 0.46) in controls; adjusted incidence rate ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 2.09. The adjusted incremental cost per percentage decrease in risk of eczema at 2 years was \u00a35337 (\u00a37281 unadjusted).<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>No difference between the groups in eczema or other atopic diseases was observed during follow-up to age 5 years via parental questionnaires.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two emollient types were used which could have had different effects. The median time for starting emollients was 11 days after birth. Some contamination occurred in the control group (&lt; 20%). Participating families were unblinded and reported on some outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We found no evidence that daily emollient during the first year of life prevents eczema in high-risk children. Emollient use was associated with a higher risk of skin infections and a possible increase in food allergy. Emollient use is unlikely to be considered cost-effective in this context.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Future research<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To pool similar studies in an individual patient data meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This trial is registered as ISRCTN21528841.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-13\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 12\/67\/12) and is published in full in <jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 28, No. 29. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/rhdn9613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T06:45:11Z","timestamp":1721285111000},"page":"1-116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Emollient application from birth to prevent eczema in high-risk children: the BEEP RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-6040","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucy E","family":"Bradshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9817-5356","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura A","family":"Wyatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3232-5251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara J","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7924-0602","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel H","family":"Haines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0450-1606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alan A","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9272-2585","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael R","family":"Perkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Research Institute, St George\u2019s, University of London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8098-9220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tracey H","family":"Sach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6163-5822","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra","family":"Lawton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rotherham NHS Foundation Trust, Rotherham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4884-6286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carsten","family":"Flohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John\u2019s Institute of Dermatology, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7954-8823","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew J","family":"Ridd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2281-7367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanne R","family":"Chalmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2456-0160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joanne","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-8301","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Swinden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6998-4533","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleanor J","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-4425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stella","family":"Tarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1388-192X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicola","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Children\u2019s Hospital, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7785-7465","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kim S","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Population-Based Dermatology Research, St John\u2019s Institute of Dermatology, Guy\u2019s & St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust and King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7013-0308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hilary","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4428-2428","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael J","family":"Cork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Dermatology Research, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3764-0461","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maeve M","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0853-0252","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eric L","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9519-7886","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stella T","family":"Lartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Economics Group, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Davies-Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4913-7580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert J","family":"Boyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5646-3093","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hywel C","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32984-8","article-title":"Daily emollient during infancy for prevention of eczema: the BEEP randomised controlled trial","volume":"395","author":"Chalmers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref2-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.04.027","article-title":"How atopic is atopic dermatitis?","volume":"114","author":"Flohr","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref3-bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.12.591","article-title":"Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization, October 2003","volume":"113","author":"Johansson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref4-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1994.tb08532.x","article-title":"The U.K. Working Party\u2019s Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis. III. Independent hospital validation","volume":"131","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref5-bib5","volume-title":"UK Diagnostic Criteria for Atopic Dermatitis \u2013 Training Manual","author":"Williams"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref6-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.01.075","article-title":"How should an incident case of atopic dermatitis be defined? A systematic review of primary prevention studies","volume":"130","author":"Simpson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref7-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.19831","article-title":"Diagnosing atopic dermatitis in infancy using established diagnostic criteria: a cohort study","volume":"186","author":"Endre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref8-bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7015.1241","article-title":"Atopic eczema \u2013 we should look to the environment","volume":"311","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref9-bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6937.1132","article-title":"Childhood eczema: disease of the advantaged?","volume":"308","author":"Williams","year":"1994","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref10-bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.11.004","article-title":"Is eczema really on the increase worldwide?","volume":"121","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref11-bib11","first-page":"5","article-title":"Role of the gut microbiota in atopic dermatitis: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Petersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref12-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.05.028","article-title":"Persistence of atopic dermatitis (AD): a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref13-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18008","article-title":"Classifying atopic dermatitis: a systematic review of phenotypes and associated characteristics","volume":"36","author":"Bosma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref14-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1655137","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis epidemiology and unmet need in the United Kingdom","volume":"31","author":"Cork","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref15-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2019.01.003","article-title":"Report from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases workshop on \u2018atopic dermatitis and the atopic march: mechanisms and interventions\u2019","volume":"143","author":"Davidson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref16-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40733-021-00082-0","article-title":"The link between atopic dermatitis and asthma-immunological imbalance and beyond","volume":"7","author":"Yaneva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asthma Res Pract"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref17-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2009.10.009","article-title":"Global variations in prevalence of eczema symptoms in children from ISAAC Phase Three","volume":"124","author":"Odhiambo","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref18-bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.16366","article-title":"Longitudinal prevalence of atopic dermatitis among freshmen at Hiroshima University between 2002 and 2019","volume":"49","author":"Kan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref19-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(95)90128-0","article-title":"London-born black Caribbean children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis","volume":"32","author":"Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref20-bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000034","article-title":"Associations of childhood eczema severity: a US population-based study","volume":"25","author":"Silverberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref21-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-015-0171-3","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with atopic dermatitis: disease burden, measurement, and treatment benefit","volume":"17","author":"Blome","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref22-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2018.1498329","article-title":"Patient impact and economic burden of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis","volume":"34","author":"Hebert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref23-bib23","volume-title":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Eczema Clinical Knowledge Summary"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref24-bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.140.12.1513","article-title":"The patient-oriented eczema measure: development and initial validation of a new tool for measuring atopic eczema severity from the patients\u2019 perspective","volume":"140","author":"Charman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref25-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12590","article-title":"Translating Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM) scores into clinical practice by suggesting severity strata derived using anchor-based methods","volume":"169","author":"Charman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref26-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.0455","article-title":"Systemic immunomodulatory treatments for atopic dermatitis: update of a living systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Drucker","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatology"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref27-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"o1618","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1618","article-title":"NICE recommends three more treatments for atopic dermatitis","volume":"377","author":"Wise","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref28-bib28","volume-title":"Eczema Care Online Tool Kit","author":"EczemaCareOnline"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref29-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31286-1","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis","volume":"396","author":"Langan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref30-bib30","volume-title":"Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology","author":"Williams","year":"2000"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref31-bib31","volume-title":"Rook\u2019s Textbook of Dermatology","author":"Williams","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref32-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00166","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3516","article-title":"Prevention of atopic dermatitis","volume":"100","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref33-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1767","article-title":"Common loss-of-function variants of the epidermal barrier protein filaggrin are a major predisposing factor for atopic dermatitis","volume":"38","author":"Palmer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref34-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.393","article-title":"One remarkable molecule: filaggrin","volume":"132","author":"Brown","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref35-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2018.10.3.207","article-title":"Significance of skin barrier dysfunction in atopic dermatitis","volume":"10","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref36-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.002","article-title":"Does \u2018autoreactivity\u2019 play a role in atopic dermatitis?","volume":"129","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref37-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18862","article-title":"A behaviour change package to prevent hand dermatitis in nurses working in the National Health Service: results of a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"183","author":"Madan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref38-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.113.5.1195","article-title":"The effect of prophylactic ointment therapy on nosocomial sepsis rates and skin integrity in infants with birth weights of 501 to 1000 g","volume":"113","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref39-bib39","article-title":"Emollients and moisturisers for eczema","volume":"2","author":"van Zuuren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref40-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.11.011","article-title":"A pilot study of emollient therapy for the primary prevention of atopic dermatitis","volume":"63","author":"Simpson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref41-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559102100305","article-title":"Effects of skin contactants on evolution of atopic dermatitis in children: a case control study","volume":"21","author":"Macharia","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop Doct"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref42-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/pgfar04180","volume-title":"A Programme of Research to Set Priorities and Reduce Uncertainties for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Disease","author":"Thomas","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref43-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10390.x","article-title":"Aqueous cream damages the skin barrier","volume":"164","author":"Cork","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref44-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14684","article-title":"A functional mechanistic study of the effect of emollients on the structure and function of the skin barrier","volume":"175","author":"Danby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref45-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.07.060","article-title":"Application of moisturizer to neonates prevents development of atopic dermatitis","volume":"134","author":"Horimukai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref46-bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2031-3","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of daily all-over-body application of emollient during the first year of life for preventing atopic eczema in high-risk children (The BEEP trial): protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Chalmers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref47-bib47","volume-title":"A Randomised Controlled Trial to Determine Whether Skin Barrier Enhancement With Emollients Can Prevent Eczema in High Risk Children (12\/67\/12)","author":"NIHR Funding and Awards"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref48-bib48","volume-title":"Two-by-two Factorial Randomised Trial to Evaluate Strategies to Improve Follow-up in a Randomised Prevention Trial","author":"SWAT 25"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref49-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2004.05696.x","article-title":"Validation of the Eczema Area and Severity Index for atopic dermatitis in a cohort of 1550 patients from the pimecrolimus cream 1% randomized controlled clinical trials programme","volume":"150","author":"Barbier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref50-bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2165\/11599120-000000000-00000","article-title":"Valuation of the Child Health Utility 9D Index","volume":"30","author":"Stevens","year":"2012","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref51-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0153-y","article-title":"Mapping EQ-5D utility scores from the PedsQL\u2122 generic core scales","volume":"32","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref52-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2001.03960.x","article-title":"The Infants\u2019 Dermatitis Quality of Life Index","volume":"144","author":"Lewis-Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref55-bib55","volume-title":"BSACI Standard Operating Procedure: Paediatric Allergy Skin Prick Testing"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref56-bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13662","article-title":"What the Eczema Area and Severity Index score tells us about the severity of atopic dermatitis: an interpretability study","volume":"172","author":"Leshem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref57-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.10.017","article-title":"Standardizing double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges: American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology-European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology PRACTALL consensus report","volume":"130","author":"Sampson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref58-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13049","article-title":"A new framework for the documentation and interpretation of oral food challenges in population-based and clinical research","volume":"72","author":"Grabenhenrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref59-bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13577","article-title":"An algorithm for diagnosing IgE-mediated food allergy in study participants who do not undergo food challenge","volume":"50","author":"Kelleher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref60-bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.09.044","article-title":"Identification of atopic dermatitis subgroups in children from 2 longitudinal birth cohorts","volume":"141","author":"Paternoster","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref61-bib61","volume-title":"The BEEP Study, Participant Newsletter \u2013 Results Edition","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref62-bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4067","article-title":"Multiple imputation using chained equations: issues and guidance for practice","volume":"30","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref63-bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774513504151","article-title":"Beyond intention to treat: what is the right question?","volume":"11","author":"Shrier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref64-bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1191\/0962280205sm403oa","article-title":"Estimating treatment effects from randomized clinical trials with noncompliance and loss to follow-up: the role of instrumental variable methods","volume":"14","author":"Dunn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref65-bib65","volume-title":"Missing Data in Randomised Controlled Trials: A Practical Guide. Health Technology Assessment Methodology Programme","author":"Carpenter","year":"2007"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref66-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1301300304","article-title":"Computing adjusted risk ratios and risk differences in Stata","volume":"13","author":"Norton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stata J"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref67-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8569","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis for clinical trials with missing continuous outcome data using controlled multiple imputation: a practical guide","volume":"39","author":"Cro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref68-bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e029596","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029596","article-title":"\u2018Not clinically effective but cost-effective\u2019 \u2013 paradoxical conclusions in randomised controlled trials with \u2018doubly null\u2019 results: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Raftery","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref69-bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e163909","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.3909","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of prophylactic moisturization for atopic dermatitis","volume":"171","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatrics"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref70-bib70","article-title":"Economic evidence for the prevention and treatment of atopic eczema","volume":"181","author":"Sach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref71-bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-017-0564-7","article-title":"The use of decision-analytic models in atopic eczema: a systematic review and critical appraisal","volume":"36","author":"McManus","year":"2018","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref72-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e600","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2127","article-title":"Quality-adjusted life-years lack quality in pediatric care: a critical review of published cost-utility studies in child health","volume":"115","author":"Griebsch","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref73-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.775","article-title":"Methodological issues raised by preference-based approaches to measuring the health status of children","volume":"12","author":"Petrou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref74-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2165\/00148365-200504030-00006","article-title":"Methodological challenges posed by economic evaluations of early childhood intervention programmes","volume":"4","author":"Petrou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Health Econ Health Policy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref75-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.02.001","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis alongside clinical trials II-An ISPOR good research practices task force report","volume":"18","author":"Ramsey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref76-bib76","volume-title":"Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials. Handbooks in Health Economic Evaluation","author":"Glick","year":"2014"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref77-bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.10.008","article-title":"Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) 2022 explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR CHEERS II good practices task force","volume":"25","author":"Husereau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref78-bib78","volume-title":"Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref79-bib79","volume-title":"Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes","author":"Drummond","year":"2015"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref80-bib80","volume-title":"NICE Health Technology Evaluations: The Manual","year":"2022"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref81-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.02.008","article-title":"Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets","volume":"15","author":"van Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref82-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.10.017","article-title":"The EQ-5D-5L value set for England: findings of a quality assurance program","volume":"23","author":"Hernandez Alava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref83-bib83","volume-title":"Methods for Mapping Between the EQ 5D 5L and the 3L. NICE Decision Support Unit report","author":"Hernandez Alava","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref84-bib84","volume-title":"NHS Business Services Authority. Prescription Cost Analysis","year":"2019\u201320"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref85-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.944","article-title":"Estimating mean QALYs in trial-based cost-effectiveness analysis: the importance of controlling for baseline utility","volume":"14","author":"Manca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref86-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2022.02.008","article-title":"Systematic review of cost-utility analyses that have included carer and family member health-related quality of life","volume":"25","author":"Scope","year":"2022","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref87-bib87","volume-title":"HEABS: Stata Module to Calculate the ICER and Net Benefit for up to Two Datasets","author":"Gallacher"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref88-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.843","article-title":"Regression methods for covariate adjustment and subgroup analysis for non-censored cost-effectiveness data","volume":"13","author":"Willan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref89-bib89","volume-title":"NHS Schedule of Reference Costs: 2019\u201320","author":"NHS England","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref90-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0193-3","article-title":"A guide to handling missing data in cost-effectiveness analysis conducted within randomised controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref91-bib91","volume-title":"Personal Social Services Research Unit, in Unit Costs of Health and Social Care","author":"Curtis","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref92-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.005","article-title":"Emollient enhancement of the skin barrier from birth offers effective atopic dermatitis prevention","volume":"134","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref93-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0119-5","article-title":"Measuring preference-based quality of life in children aged 6\u20137 years: a comparison of the performance of the CHU-9D and EQ-5D-Y \u2013 the WAVES pilot study","volume":"22","author":"Canaway","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref94-bib94","volume-title":"Sheffield Clinical Trials Research Unit, Study Protocol, The MAGIC trial (Melatonin for Anxiety prior to General anaesthesia In Children): A Multicentre, Parallel Randomised Controlled Trial of Melatonin Versus Midazolam in the Premedication of Anxious Children Attending for Elective Surgery Under General Anaesthesia, National Institute for Health Research, Version 4.1"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref95-bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2683-9","article-title":"Measuring the health-related quality of life of children with impaired mobility: examining correlation and agreement between children and parent proxies","volume":"10","author":"Bray","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref96-bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.12.608","article-title":"Probiotics during the first 7 years of life: a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"119","author":"Kalliom\u00e4ki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref97-bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4232","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144232","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and food allergy: a complex interplay what we know and what we would like to learn","volume":"11","author":"Papapostolou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref98-bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.10.049","article-title":"Does atopic dermatitis cause food allergy? A systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Tsakok","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref99-bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.044","article-title":"Association of frequent moisturizer use in early infancy with the development of food allergy","volume":"147","author":"Perkin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref100-bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.003","article-title":"Mechanism for initiation of food allergy: dependence on skin barrier mutations and environmental allergen costimulation","volume":"141","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref101-bib101","volume-title":"ISRCTN","author":"Flohr","year":"2023"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref102-bib102","volume-title":"Population Estimates by Ethnic Group and Religion, England and Wales","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref103-bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.20660","article-title":"Why we should abandon the misused descriptor \u2018erythema\u2019","volume":"185","author":"Finlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref104-bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000895","article-title":"The Eczema Area and Severity Index \u2013 a practical guide","volume":"33","author":"Hanifin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref105-bib105","volume-title":"Centre of Evidence Based Dermatology, University of Nottingham, Test of Your Ability to Diagnose Visible Flexural Dermatitis"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref106-bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.09.053","article-title":"South African amaXhosa patients with atopic dermatitis have decreased levels of filaggrin breakdown products but no loss-of-function mutations in filaggrin","volume":"133","author":"Thawer-Esmail","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref107-bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10331.x","article-title":"Wide spectrum of filaggrin-null mutations in atopic dermatitis highlights differences between Singaporean Chinese and European populations","volume":"165","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref108-bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32983-6","article-title":"Skin emollient and early complementary feeding to prevent infant atopic dermatitis (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"395","author":"Skjerven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref109-bib109","article-title":"Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy","volume":"2","author":"Kelleher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref110-bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14085","article-title":"Individual participant data meta-analysis versus aggregate data meta-analysis: a case study in eczema and food allergy prevention","volume":"52","author":"Van Vogt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref111-bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15116","article-title":"Emollients in infancy to prevent atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Zhong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref112-bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15238","article-title":"Correspondence to \u2018Emollients in infancy to prevent atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis\u2019","volume":"77","author":"Kelleher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref113-bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00687-0","article-title":"Early food intervention and skin emollients to prevent food allergy in young children (PreventADALL): a factorial, multicentre, cluster-randomised trial","volume":"399","author":"Skjerven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref114-bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10395.x","article-title":"The effect of aqueous cream BP on the skin barrier in volunteers with a previous history of atopic dermatitis","volume":"165","author":"Danby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref115-bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000842","article-title":"Discordance between diagnosis tools for assessing eczema in infants: a challenge for intervention trials","volume":"33","author":"Pittet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref116-bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h2147","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2147","article-title":"The PRECIS-2 tool: designing trials that are fit for purpose","volume":"350","author":"Loudon","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref117-bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04373-4","article-title":"Two-by-two factorial randomised study within a trial (SWAT) to evaluate strategies for follow-up in a randomised prevention trial","volume":"21","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref118-bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14025","article-title":"Clinical examination for hyperlinear palms to determine filaggrin genotype: a diagnostic test accuracy study","volume":"51","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref119-bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.15141","article-title":"Different types of emollient cream exhibit diverse physiological effects on the skin barrier in adults with atopic dermatitis","volume":"47","author":"Danby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref120-bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15491","article-title":"Early initiation of short-term emollient use for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants \u2013 The STOP-AD randomised controlled trial","volume":"78","author":"Chaoimh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref121-bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01579.x","article-title":"An application of the United Kingdom Working Party diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis in Scottish infants","volume":"117","author":"Fleming","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref122-bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-021-05276-8","article-title":"Developing the INCLUDE Ethnicity Framework \u2013 a tool to help trialists design trials that better reflect the communities they serve","volume":"22","author":"Treweek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref123-bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15602","article-title":"Emollients and moisturizers for eczema: abridged Cochrane systematic review including GRADE assessments","volume":"177","author":"van Zuuren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref124-bib124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(22)00146-8","article-title":"Effectiveness and safety of lotion, cream, gel, and ointment emollients for childhood eczema: a pragmatic, randomised, phase 4, superiority trial","volume":"6","author":"Ridd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref125-bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-4150-5","article-title":"A community-based assessment of skin care, allergies, and eczema (CASCADE): an atopic dermatitis primary prevention study using emollients-protocol for a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Eichner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref126-bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14071","article-title":"Randomized controlled pilot trial with ion-exchange water softeners to prevent eczema (SOFTER trial)","volume":"52","author":"Jabbar-Lopez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref127-bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2021.12.020","article-title":"Atopic eczema: how genetic studies can contribute to the understanding of this complex trait","volume":"142","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref128-bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002507","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002507","article-title":"Diet during pregnancy and infancy and risk of allergic or autoimmune disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Garcia-Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key2024071811423800_ref129-bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13847","article-title":"Skincare interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy: a cochrane systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Kelleher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2045574","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/RHDN9613\/RHDN9613.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2045574","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T06:46:01Z","timestamp":1721285161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/RHDN9613"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":127,"alternative-id":["10.3310\/RHDN9613"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/rhdn9613","relation":{},"ISSN":["2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"06-2024","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"contractual_start_date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"09-2022","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"05-2023","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}