{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:36:34Z","timestamp":1787009794404,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12\/140\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/140\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Lower urinary tract symptoms are common in older men and can be bothersome, leading to treatment. The UPSTREAM randomised controlled trial (Phase I) investigated whether assessment of these symptoms with invasive urodynamic testing could improve symptoms when guiding treatment options.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the long-term lower urinary tract symptoms and the rates of surgery for bladder outlet obstruction in men participating in the UPSTREAM study (Phase I).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pragmatic, multicentre, parallel-group, two-group open randomised controlled study, with outcome assessors blinded to aggregate data.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Urology departments of 26 National Health Service hospitals in England.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Men \u2265\u200518 years, seeking further treatment for their bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms, which may include surgery, who were existing participants of the UPSTREAM study (Phase I). Men were excluded if they were unable to pass urine without a catheter, had a relevant neurological disease, were currently undergoing treatment for prostate or bladder cancer, had previous prostate surgery or were unfit for surgery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Routine care plus invasive urodynamics (intervention) or non-invasive routine care.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The primary outcome was a patient-reported International Prostate Symptom Score 5 years post randomisation. Rates of surgery was the key secondary outcome. Patient-reported outcomes included measures of lower urinary tract symptoms, sexual function, overall quality of life and cost-effectiveness from a secondary care perspective.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Data sources<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Questionnaires to participants for patient-reported outcome measures, and National Health Service England Hospital Episode Statistics and mortality data.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 820 men randomised in UPSTREAM (Phase I) between October 2014 and December 2016, 211\/427 men randomised to the intervention group completed Phase II questionnaires (49.4%) and 205\/363 in the routine care group (56.5%). There was no difference found between International Prostate Symptom Scores in the two groups at 5 years (adjusted difference 0.41, 95% confidence interval \u22121.10 to 1.93). There was also no difference in other lower urinary tract symptoms, sexual function or quality of life. Routine data were received for 98% of men. Three hundred and forty-seven (43.3%) men with routine data available had received at least one related surgical procedure for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Over the 5-year time horizon, incremental mean costs were slightly higher (\u00a3176.63, 95% confidence interval \u2212\u00a3464.06 to \u00a3817.32) in the intervention group and incremental mean QALYs were slightly lower (\u22120.039, 95% confidence interval \u22120.152 to 0.073) in the intervention group. This suggests that routine care is the cost-effective option.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Around half of the men from Phase I study completed questionnaires at 5 years, although their characteristics were similar to those of non-responders, withdrawn participants or those who had died. The majority of men were of white ethnicity, so results may be less applicable to other ethnicities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Five-year follow-up does not support the introduction of invasive urodynamics in reducing lower urinary tract symptoms or rates of prostate surgery, from a clinical or cost-effectiveness perspective.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This should identify if there are subgroups of patients who might benefit from the addition of urodynamics to routine care for bothersome lower urinary tract symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-13\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This trial is registered as ISRCTN56164274.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-14\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 12\/140\/01) and is published in full in <jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 29, No. 26. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/slpt4675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T06:57:42Z","timestamp":1751871462000},"page":"1-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Urodynamics tests for the diagnosis and management of male bladder outlet obstruction: long-term follow-up of the UPSTREAM non-inferiority RCT"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-1199","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madeleine","family":"Clout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0488-5347","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda L","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1856-3293","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madeleine","family":"Cochrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-1183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Grace J","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2776-2200","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Abrams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7832-8087","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter S","family":"Blair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2960-9931","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Christopher","family":"Chapple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8029-2503","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gordon T","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Patient and public involvement representative"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8011-0722","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sian","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4707-7828","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tom","family":"Steuart-Feilding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7171-8923","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jodi","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7578-4925","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"J Athene","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6230-2552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcus J","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2025070712212400_ref1-bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24420","article-title":"Urodynamics tests for the diagnosis and management of bladder outlet obstruction in men: the UPSTREAM non-inferiority RCT","volume":"24","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"key2025070712212400_ref2-bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-1087-1","article-title":"Urodynamics for Prostate Surgery Trial; 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