{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:29:25Z","timestamp":1782865765258,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000664","name":"Health Technology Assessment programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14\/192\/97"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14\/192\/97"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000664","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Health Technol Assess"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"abs1-1\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Guided self-help has been shown to be effective for other mental conditions and, if effective for post-traumatic stress disorder, would offer a time-efficient and accessible treatment option, with the potential to reduce waiting times and costs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-2\"><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To determine if trauma-focused guided self-help is non-inferior to individual, face-to-face cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus for mild to moderate post-traumatic stress disorder to a single traumatic event.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-3\"><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Multicentre pragmatic randomised controlled non-inferiority trial with economic evaluation to determine cost-effectiveness and nested process evaluation to assess fidelity and adherence, dose and factors that influence outcome (including context, acceptability, facilitators and barriers, measured qualitatively). Participants were randomised in a 1 : 1 ratio. The primary analysis was intention to treat using multilevel analysis of covariance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-4\"><jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Primary and secondary mental health settings across the United Kingdom\u2019s National Health Service.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-5\"><jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred and ninety-six adults with a primary diagnosis of mild to moderate post-traumatic stress disorder were randomised with 82% retention at 16 weeks and 71% at 52 weeks. Nineteen participants and ten therapists were interviewed for the process evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-6\"><jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Up to 12 face-to-face, manualised, individual cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus sessions, each lasting 60\u201390 minutes, or to guided self-help using <jats:italic>Spring<\/jats:italic>, an eight-step online guided self-help programme based on cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus, with up to five face-to-face meetings of up to 3 hours in total and four brief telephone calls or e-mail contacts between sessions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-7\"><jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Primary outcome: the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/jats:italic>, Fifth Edition, at 16 weeks post-randomisation. Secondary outcomes: included severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms at 52 weeks, and functioning, symptoms of depression, symptoms of anxiety, alcohol use and perceived social support at both 16 and 52 weeks post-randomisation. Those assessing outcomes were blinded to group assignment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-8\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Non-inferiority was demonstrated at the primary end point of 16 weeks on the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/jats:italic>, Fifth Edition [mean difference 1.01 (one-sided 95% CI \u2212\u221e to 3.90, non-inferiority <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u20050.012)]. Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for <jats:italic>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders<\/jats:italic>, Fifth Edition, score improvements of over 60% in both groups were maintained at 52 weeks but the non-inferiority results were inconclusive in favour of cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus at this timepoint [mean difference 3.20 (one-sided 95% confidence interval \u2212\u221e to 6.00, non-inferiority <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2005=\u20050.15)]. Guided self-help using <jats:italic>Spring<\/jats:italic> was not shown to be more cost-effective than face-to-face cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus although there was no significant difference in accruing quality-adjusted life-years, incremental quality-adjusted life-years \u22120.04 (95% confidence interval \u22120.10 to 0.01) and guided self-help using <jats:italic>Spring<\/jats:italic> was significantly cheaper to deliver [\u00a3277 (95% confidence interval \u00a3253 to \u00a3301) vs. \u00a3729 (95% CI \u00a3671 to \u00a3788)]. Guided self-help using <jats:italic>Spring<\/jats:italic> appeared to be acceptable and well tolerated by participants. No important adverse events or side effects were identified.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-9\"><jats:title>Limitations<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The results are not generalisable to people with post-traumatic stress disorder to more than one traumatic event.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-10\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Guided self-help using <jats:italic>Spring<\/jats:italic> for mild to moderate post-traumatic stress disorder to a single traumatic event appears to be non-inferior to individual face-to-face cognitive-behavioural therapy with a trauma focus and the results suggest it should be considered a first-line treatment for people with this condition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-11\"><jats:title>Future work<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Work is now needed to determine how best to effectively disseminate and implement guided self-help using <jats:italic>Spring<\/jats:italic> at scale.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-12\"><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This trial is registered as ISRCTN13697710.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"abs1-13\"><jats:title>Funding<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: 14\/192\/97) and is published in full in <jats:italic>Health Technology Assessment<\/jats:italic>; Vol. 27, No. 26. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3310\/ytqw8336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T15:49:48Z","timestamp":1700495388000},"page":"1-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/crossmarkpolicy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of guided self-help versus individual cognitive behavioural therapy with a trauma focus for post-traumatic stress disorder (RAPID)"],"prefix":"10.3310","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5170-1243","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan I","family":"Bisson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7615-0935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cono","family":"Ariti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3704-4598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea Centre for Health Economics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0499-9520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neil","family":"Kitchiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3818-9377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catrin","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6277-0102","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Neil P","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5712-9460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalie","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9283-8120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kim","family":"Smallman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5388-6437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katy","family":"Addison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2405-0673","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vicky","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8263-7130","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucy","family":"Brookes-Howell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8816-5878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Cosgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8742-0192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anke","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-8410","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah","family":"Fitzsimmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea Centre for Health Economics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9511-696X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paula","family":"Foscarini-Craggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7724-6621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shaun R S","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea Centre for Health Economics, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7744-3780","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Kelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8821-895X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Karina","family":"Lovell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3477-1626","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maureen","family":"McKenna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Lothian, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7280-1611","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel","family":"McNamara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6676-4933","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Nollett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7743-0234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tim","family":"Pickles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1779-3460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rhys","family":"Williams-Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"6221","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref2-bib2","volume-title":"International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (11th Revision)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref3-bib3","volume-title":"Mental Health and Wellbeing in England: The Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014","author":"McManus","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref4-bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"52","author":"Kessler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref5-bib5","first-page":"22","article-title":"Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"61","author":"Brady","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref6-bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0977-9","article-title":"PTSD and physical health","volume":"20","author":"Ryder","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref7-bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22008","article-title":"The economic burden of PTSD in Northern Ireland","volume":"28","author":"Ferry","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref8-bib8","volume-title":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention and Treatment Guidelines: Methodology and Recommendations","author":"ISTSS","year":"2018"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref10-bib10","volume-title":"The Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD","author":"Phoenix Australia","year":"2020"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref12-bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20313","article-title":"Treatment barriers for low\u2010income, urban African Americans with undiagnosed posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"21","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref13-bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.12.001","article-title":"Perceived barriers and facilitators of mental health service utilization in adult trauma survivors: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Kantor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref14-bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465800004070","article-title":"Multiple access points and levels of entry (MAPLE): ensuring choice, accessibility and equity for CBT services","volume":"28","author":"Lovell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Cogn Psychother"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref15-bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.084756","article-title":"Efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: systematic review","volume":"200","author":"Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref16-bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4364","article-title":"Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression: a systematic review and individual patient data network meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Karyotaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref17-bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22128","article-title":"Development of a guided self-help (GSH) program for the treatment of mild-to-moderate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)","volume":"30","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref19-bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22645","article-title":"Internet-based guided self-help for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): randomized controlled trial","volume":"34","author":"Lewis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref20-bib20","first-page":"CD011710","article-title":"Internet-based cognitive and behavioural therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults","volume":"5","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref21-bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1665-3","article-title":"Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of a trauma-focused guided self-help programme versus individual trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder (RAPID): trial protocol","volume":"18","author":"Nollett","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref22-bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2594","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.87802","article-title":"Reporting of noninferiority and equivalence randomized trials: extension of the CONSORT 2010 statement","volume":"308","author":"Piaggio","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref23-bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-11-32","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"11","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref24-bib24","volume-title":"The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5)","author":"Weathers","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref25-bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00123-0","article-title":"A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"38","author":"Ehlers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref26-bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.07.010","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Impact of Event Scale \u2013 Revised","volume":"41","author":"Creamer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref27-bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(90)90421-9","article-title":"EuroQol \u2013 a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life","volume":"16","author":"EuroQol Group","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health policy (Amsterdam)"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref28-bib28","volume-title":"Position Statement on Use of the EQ-5D-5L Value Set for England","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref29-bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2012.02.008","article-title":"Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets","volume":"15","author":"Van Hout","year":"2012","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref30-bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.180.5.461","article-title":"The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning","volume":"180","author":"Mundt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref31-bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ\u20109: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref32-bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","article-title":"A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7","volume":"166","author":"Spitzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref33-bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption\u2010II","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref34-bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199111)47:6<756::AID-JCLP2270470605>3.0.CO;2-L","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: a confirmation study","volume":"47","author":"Dahlem","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref35-bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"52","author":"Zimet","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref36-bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(199509)51:5<593::AID-JCLP2270510503>3.0.CO;2-W","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the MSPSS and NOS in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"51","author":"Cecil","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref37-bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5503&4_17","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"55","author":"Zimet","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pers Assess"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref38-bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/34.5.601","article-title":"The Insomnia Severity Index: psychometric indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response","volume":"34","author":"Morin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref39-bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.11.3.303","article-title":"The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation","volume":"11","author":"Foa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref40-bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590444000041","article-title":"General self\u2010efficacy in various domains of human functioning: evidence from five countries","volume":"40","author":"Luszczynska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Psychol"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref41-bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1027\/\/1015-5759.18.3.242","article-title":"Is general self-efficacy a universal construct? Psychometric findings from 25 countries","volume":"18","author":"Scholz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Psychol Assess"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref42-bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7189(79)90094-6","article-title":"Assessment of client\/patient satisfaction: development of a general scale","volume":"2","author":"Larsen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref43-bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7189(83)90010-1","article-title":"Assessment of patient satisfaction: development and refinement of a service evaluation questionnaire","volume":"6","author":"Nguyen","year":"1983","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref44-bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2011.643253","article-title":"Two short forms of the Agnew Relationship Measure: The ARM-5 and ARM-12","volume":"22","author":"Cahill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychother Res"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref45-bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003388.pub4","article-title":"Psychological therapies for chronic post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults","author":"Bisson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref47-bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2208","article-title":"On non\u2010inferiority margin and statistical tests in active control trials","volume":"25","author":"Chow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref49-bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1214\/18-STS646","article-title":"Multiple imputation for multilevel data with continuous and binary variables","volume":"33","author":"Audigier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Sci"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref50-bib50","first-page":"1","article-title":"ICH E9(R1) addendum on estimands and sensitivity analysis in clinical trials to the guideline on statistical principles for clinical trials","volume":"44","author":"European Medicines Agency"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref51-bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-1837-3","article-title":"The use of randomisation-based efficacy estimators in non-inferiority trials","volume":"18","author":"Gillespie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref52-bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006160","article-title":"Adherence-adjusted estimates of benefits and harms from treatment with amoxicillin for LRTI: secondary analysis of a 12-country randomised placebo-controlled trial using randomisation-based efficacy estimators","volume":"5","author":"Gillespie","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref53-bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2855","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291714000221","article-title":"Allowing for non-adherence to treatment in a randomized controlled trial of two antidepressants (citalopram versus reboxetine): an example from the GENPOD trial","volume":"44","author":"Wiles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref54-bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2019-028","article-title":"A flexible package for two-level joint modelling multiple imputation","volume":"9","author":"Quartagno","year":"2019","journal-title":"R Journal"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref55-bib55","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 16.1 [program]","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref56-bib56","volume-title":"The Impact of Event Scale: Revised. Cross-cultural Assessment of Psychological Trauma and PTSD","author":"Weiss","year":"2007"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref57-bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0232245","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232245","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of psychological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults","volume":"15","author":"Mavranezouli","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref58-bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s28","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.177.39.s28","article-title":"Client socio-demographic and service receipt inventory \u2013 European version: development of an instrument for international research: EPSILON Study 5","volume":"177","author":"Chisholm","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref59-bib59","volume-title":"Costing Psychiatric Interventions. Measuring Mental Health Needs","author":"Beecham","year":"2001"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref60-bib60","volume-title":"Generic Mental Health CSRI","author":"Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU)"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref61-bib61","article-title":"Productivity costs: principles and practice in economic evaluation","volume":"00464","author":"Pritchard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Monographs"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref62-bib62","volume-title":"Unit Costs of Health and Social Care","author":"Curtis","year":"2013"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref63-bib63","volume-title":"NHS Reference Cost Collection","author":"NHS","year":"2017\/18"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref64-bib64","volume-title":"NHS Drug Tariff Online January 2021","author":"NHS Business Services Authority","year":"2021"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref65-bib65","author":"British National Formulary","year":"2017"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref66-bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0193-3","article-title":"A guide to handling missing data in cost-effectiveness analysis conducted within randomised controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Faria","year":"2014","journal-title":"PharmacoEcon"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref67-bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta24150","article-title":"C-reactive protein point-of-care testing for safely reducing antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the PACE RCT","volume":"24","author":"Francis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess (Winchester, England)"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref68-bib68","volume-title":"The Principles That Guide the Development of NICE Guidance and Standards 2021","author":"NICE"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref69-bib69","volume-title":"York: York Health Economics Consortium","author":"Net Monetary Benefit","year":"2016"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref70-bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2013.08.2291","article-title":"Budget impact analysis \u2013 principles of good practice: report of the ISPOR 2012 Budget Impact Analysis Good Practice II Task Force","volume":"17","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref72-bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1812","article-title":"Cost\u2010minimisation analysis versus cost\u2010effectiveness analysis, revisited","volume":"22","author":"Dakin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref73-bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3111\/13696990701605235","article-title":"Economic evaluation in health: saving money or improving care?","volume":"10","author":"Chisholm","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref74-bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h1258","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1258","article-title":"Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance","volume":"350","author":"Moore","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref75-bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20196","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR06367B","article-title":"Multiplexed detection of cancer biomarkers using a microfluidic platform integrating single bead trapping and acoustic mixing techniques","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref76-bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2014.910791","article-title":"Qualitative and mixed methods in mental health services and implementation research","volume":"43","author":"Palinkas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref77-bib77","first-page":"194","article-title":"Qualitative data analysis for applied policy research","volume":"173","author":"Ritchie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Analyz Qual Data"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref78-bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1007\/s11135-017-0574-8","article-title":"Saturation in qualitative research: exploring its conceptualization and operationalization","volume":"52","author":"Saunders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Quant"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref79-bib79","first-page":"589","article-title":"Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health","volume":"11","author":"Braun","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref80-bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732315617444","article-title":"Sample size in qualitative interview studies: guided by information power","volume":"26","author":"Malterud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref81-bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-13-117","article-title":"Using the framework method for the analysis of qualitative data in multi-disciplinary health research","volume":"13","author":"Gale","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref82-bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729633","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1729633","article-title":"Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Lewis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref83-bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28186","DOI":"10.3402\/ejpt.v6.28186","article-title":"Psychotherapies for PTSD: what do they have in common?","volume":"6","author":"Schnyder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref84-bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13079","article-title":"Internet\u2010delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for post\u2010traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"140","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref85-bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2017-0153","article-title":"Does CBT have lasting effects in the treatment of PTSD after one year of follow-up? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"40","author":"Macedo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref86-bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2020.100326","article-title":"Advantages and disadvantages of online and blended therapy: replication and extension of findings on psychotherapists\u2019 appraisals","volume":"21","author":"Schuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref87-bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21370","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of low-intensity interventions in the management of obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder: the Obsessive\u2013Compulsive Treatment Efficacy randomised controlled Trial (OCTET)","volume":"21","author":"Lovell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess (Winchester, England)"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref88-bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22755","article-title":"Individual treatment selection for patients with posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"35","author":"Deisenhofer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref89-bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins","year":"2019"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref90-bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11471147","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39021.846852.BE","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: randomised controlled trial","volume":"334","author":"Duffy","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref91-bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20083","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of Internet\u2010based interventions for common mental disorders","volume":"13","author":"Andersson","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref92-bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2020.100317","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: The \u2018black swan\u2019 for mental health care and a turning point for e-health","volume":"20","author":"Wind","year":"2020","journal-title":"Internet Interv"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref93-bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12341","article-title":"Internet-based psychological therapies: a qualitative study of National Health Service commissioners and managers views","volume":"94","author":"Simon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"key2023112021252300_ref94-bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4482-6","article-title":"Can quality improvement improve the quality of care? A systematic review of reported effects and methodological rigor in plan-do-study-act projects","volume":"19","author":"Knudsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"}],"container-title":["Health Technology Assessment"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2044337","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/publications\/YTQW8336\/YTQW8336.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/njl-admin.nihr.ac.uk\/document\/download\/2044337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,20]],"date-time":"2023-11-20T16:00:25Z","timestamp":1700496025000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk\/hta\/YTQW8336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":87,"alternative-id":["10.3310\/YTQW8336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3310\/ytqw8336","relation":{},"ISSN":["1366-5278","2046-4924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1366-5278","type":"print"},{"value":"2046-4924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"This content has been made freely available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"},{"value":"10-2016","name":"contractual_start_date","label":"contractual_start_date","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11-2021","name":"editorial_review_begun","label":"editorial review begun","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"08-2022","name":"accepted_for_publication","label":"Accepted for publication","group":{"name":"article_history","label":"Article History"}}]}}