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This systematic review evaluated published studies regarding time to follow\u2010up after a positive screening for breast, cervical, colorectal, and lung cancers. The quality of available evidence was very low or low across cancers, with potential attenuated or reversed associations from confounding by indication in most studies. Overall, evidence suggested that the risk for poorer cancer outcomes rises with longer wait times that vary within and across cancer types, which supports performing diagnostic testing as soon as feasible after the positive result, but evidence for specific time targets is limited. Within these limitations, we provide our opinion on cancer\u2010specific recommendations for times to follow\u2010up and how existing guidelines relate to the current evidence. Thresholds set should consider patient worry, potential for loss to follow\u2010up with prolonged wait times, and available resources. Research is needed to better guide the timeliness of diagnostic follow\u2010up, including considerations for patient preferences and existing barriers, while addressing methodological weaknesses. Research is also needed to identify effective interventions for reducing wait times for diagnostic testing, particularly in underserved or low\u2010resource settings.\n                    <jats:bold>CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:199\u2013216<\/jats:bold>\n                    . \u00a9\n                    <jats:bold>2018 American Cancer Society<\/jats:bold>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,31]],"date-time":"2018-03-31T02:30:14Z","timestamp":1522463414000},"page":"199-216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Timely follow\u2010up of positive cancer screening results: A systematic review and recommendations from the\n                    <scp>PROSPR<\/scp>\n                    Consortium"],"prefix":"10.3322","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7495-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chyke A.","family":"Doubeni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and The Presidential Associate Professor of Family Medicine and Community Health, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9929-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole B.","family":"Gabler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Research Investigator, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosette M.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of New Mexico Health Science Center Albuquerque NM"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Marie","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistant in Epidemiology, General Medicine Division, MA General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip E.","family":"Castle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan A.","family":"Halm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine and Professor of Clinical Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell D.","family":"Schnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and The Eugene P. 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