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In contrast, hypercalcemia in the patient with a history of cancer presents in a wide range of clinical settings and may be severe enough to warrant hospitalization. This form of hypercalcemia is usually secondary to hypercalcemia of malignancy and can be fatal. Hypercalcemia of malignancy is most commonly mediated by tumoral production of parathyroid hormone\u2013related protein or by cytokines activating osteoclast degradation of bone. The initial workup, differential diagnoses, confirmatory laboratory testing, imaging, and medical and surgical management of hypercalcemia are described in the patient with cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,22]],"date-time":"2018-09-22T05:26:56Z","timestamp":1537594016000},"page":"377-386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Hypercalcemia and cancer: Differential diagnosis and treatment"],"prefix":"10.3322","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Zagzag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fellow, Department of Surgical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mimi I.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Professor, Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fellow, Department of Surgical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy D.","family":"Perrier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professor, Department of Surgical Oncology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center  Houston TX"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Medical Physiology","author":"Boron 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