{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T16:29:25Z","timestamp":1786811365934,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"AIST","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>ZESTY Ironmaking process involves the use of Calix\u2019s flash calcination technology to reduce iron ore fines to iron in a hydrogen atmosphere between 600 to 1050 \u00b0C. In 2022, Calix ran a series of proof-of-concept campaigns at their pilot plant facility using a range of iron ores, particle sizes, process temperatures, hydrogen flowrates at throughputs up to 100 kg\/h in semi-continuous mode. Detailed XRD, SEM-EDS, Optical Microscopy and Chemical analysis of the samples revealed key aspects of the process, showing that Hematite-Goethite ores could be readily metallised in the process. A modified thermogravimetric technique was able to duplicate closely the kinetic behaviour observed in plant trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33313\/388\/032","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T10:29:40Z","timestamp":1716632980000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Hydrogen DRI Samples from ZESTY Process"],"prefix":"10.33313","author":[{"given":"B. A.","family":"Nuraeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S Cass Ave, Lemont, Illinois 60439 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I. R.","family":"Ignacio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Mineral Resources, 1 Technology Ct, Kenmore, Brisbane, QLD 4069 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. C.","family":"Nababan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Mineral Resources, Private Bag 10, Clayton South, Victoria 3169 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Rhamdhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical and Product Design Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.E.","family":"Boot-Handford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calix Limited, Level 2, 9-11 Bridge Street, Pymble NSW 2073, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calix Limited, Level 2, 9-11 Bridge Street, Pymble NSW 2073, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Dufty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calix Limited, Level 2, 9-11 Bridge Street, Pymble NSW 2073, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.G.","family":"Sceats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Calix Limited, Level 2, 9-11 Bridge Street, Pymble NSW 2073, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"18524","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128127","article-title":"Opportunities and challenges for decarbonizing steel production by creating markets for \u2018green steel\u2019 products.","volume":"315","author":"Muslemani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod. [Internet]."},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-015-0332-z","article-title":"Hydrogen Reduction Kinetics of Hematite Concentrate Particles Relevant to a Novel Flash Ironmaking Process.","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci. [Internet]."},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref3","article-title":"The direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen.","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain."},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1179\/030192309X12506804200663","article-title":"Development of green suspension ironmaking technology based on hydrogen reduction of iron oxide concentrate: Rate measurements.","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ironmak. Steelmak."},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/met11020332","article-title":"Design of novel flash ironmaking reactors for greatly reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions.","volume":"11","author":"Sohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metals (Basel)."},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref6","first-page":"59","article-title":"Hydrogen reduction of magnetite concentrate particles.","volume":"130","author":"Abolpour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. [Internet]."},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/srin.201900108","article-title":"Reduction of Iron Oxides with Hydrogen\u2014A Review.","volume":"90","author":"Spreitzer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Steel Res. Int."},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref8","unstructured":"Calix Limited\n          \n          [Internet]. Available from:\n          https:\/\/calix.global\/?s=zesty"},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref9","unstructured":"M.E.\n              Boot-Handford\n            , T.Dufty, B.A.Nuraeni, I. R.Ignacio, Y.Xia, A.Adipuri, M.Gill, A.Okely, P.Hodgson, M.Sceats, G.A.Brooks, \u201cCalix\u2019 Zero Emissions Steel Technology (ZESTY) \u2013 Flash Hydrogen Direct Reduction of Low-Grade Ores to Green Iron and Steel Products\u201d, METEC & 6th ESTAD, 2023."},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.3390\/min12101253","article-title":"Porosity, Mineralogy, Strength, and Reducibility of Sinter Analogues from the Fe2O3 (Fe3O4)-CaO-SiO2 (FCS) Ternary System.","volume":"12","author":"Ignacio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081512252468300_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11663-023-02960-9","article-title":"Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO2 Cathode Material: A Kinetic Study.","volume":"55","author":"Nuraeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026081512252468300_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1021\/i560096a011","article-title":"Determining Metallic Iron in Iron Oxides and Slags.","volume":"13","author":"Riott","year":"1941","journal-title":"Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Analytical Edition"},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref13","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization.\n           (2006). Direct reduced iron \u2013 Determination of metallic iron \u2013 Bromine-methanol titrimetric method (ISO Standard No. 5416:2006).https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/39727.html"},{"key":"2026081512252468300_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02658125","article-title":"Reduction of solid wustite in H2\/H2O\/CO\/CO2 gas mixtures.","volume":"21","author":"Farren","year":"1990","journal-title":"Metallurgical Transactions B"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081512252468300_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0692.2005.00722","article-title":"Final stage of reduction of iron ores by hydrogen.","volume":"34","author":"Fruehan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scandinavian journal of metallurgy"},{"issue":"10","key":"2026081512252468300_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2013.01.147","article-title":"The retardation kinetics of magnetite reduction using H2 and H2-H2O mixtures.","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Hydrogen Energy"}],"event":{"name":"AISTech Conference","location":"Columbus, Ohio, USA","acronym":"AISTECH24","start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"end":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]}},"container-title":["AISTech Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/aistaistech\/proceedings-pdf\/doi\/10.33313\/388\/032\/5425395\/aist-pr-388-032.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/aistaistech\/proceedings-pdf\/doi\/10.33313\/388\/032\/5425395\/aist-pr-388-032.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T16:25:32Z","timestamp":1786811132000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onepetro.org\/aistaistech\/proceedings\/AISTECH24\/AISTECH24\/AIST-PR-388-032\/804336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":16,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33313\/388\/032","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"article-number":"AIST-PR-388-032"}}