{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T09:57:16Z","timestamp":1773655036314,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Australian Centre for Disease Control","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Commun Dis Intell"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An epidemiological investigation and a retrospective case-control study were conducted into an outbreak of Salmonella Havana in alfalfa sprouts, in Adelaide, Australia. In total, 31 cases of S. Havana were notified during June and July 2018 and linked to the outbreak. Eighteen cases and 54 unmatched controls were included in a case-control study. Results from the case-control study indicated an increased risk of illness linked to the consumption of alfalfa sprouts; this was supported by trace-back, sampling and environmental investigations. This outbreak of S. Havana was caused by consumption of alfalfa sprouts from one local sprouts producer. It is unclear as to when in the production of alfalfa sprouts the contamination occurred. However, contaminated seeds and poor pest control are the most likely causes. This investigation highlights the importance of ensuring that producers take appropriate action to minimise the likelihood of contamination and to comply with legislation and standards for primary production and food safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2019.43.45","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T20:54:37Z","timestamp":1571086477000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An outbreak and case-control study of Salmonella Havana linked to alfalfa sprouts in South Australia, 2018"],"prefix":"10.33321","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Stephen","family":"Harfield","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Beazley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Denehy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Centofanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Dowsett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries and Regions, South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tambri","family":"Housen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Flood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"18788","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Heymann DL. Control of communicable diseases manual: an official report of the American Public Health Association. 20 ed. Heymann DL, ed. Washington DC, United States of America: American Public Health Association, 2015.","DOI":"10.1086\/605668"},{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"OzFoodNet. Unpublished data. 2018."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Backer HD, Mohle-Boetani JC, Werner SB, Abbott SL, Farrar J, Vugia DJ. High incidence of extra-intestinal infections in a Salmonella Havana outbreak associated with alfalfa sprouts. Public Health Rep. 2000;115(4):339\u201345.","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/115.4.339"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos RANB, Avena MACSP, Gumafelix REJ, Mamuric GAA, Pastoral AKD, Papa DMD. The first report of a Salmonella enterica serovar Havana phage and its lytic activity at storage temperature of processed chicken. 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