{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T22:45:50Z","timestamp":1778021150330,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Aboutscience Srl","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch. Physioter"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Plantar fasciitis (PF) is a common musculoskeletal disorder characterized by heel pain that disrupts gait and daily function. This study examined relationships between clinical outcomes and gait biomechanics, determined whether these relationships differ between recent- and chronic-onset cases, and identified key clinical predictors of gait speed.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 42 individuals with PF. Clinical outcomes included worst pain, normalized gastrocnemius and soleus muscle length, normalized lower limb muscle strength, and normalized dynamic balance. Gait biomechanics during barefoot walking were captured using a motion analysis system and force plates, focusing on spatiotemporal parameters and ground reaction forces (GRFs). Correlation coefficients were used to assess relationships across the overall cohort, as well as in recent- and chronic-onset PF, while multiple linear regression identified clinical predictors of gait speed.Results: Clinical outcomes related differently to sptiotemporal parameters and GRFs depending on symptom duration, with the recent-onset PF showing widespread correlations and chronic-onset PF showing more selective links with ankle strength and dynamic balance. Regression analysis identified gastrocnemius muscle length and anterior reach distance on the Y-Balance Test (YBT) as significant predictors of gait speed, explaining 28.0% of the variance (p = 0.002).Conclusion: Symptom duration influences gait biomechanics in PF, with recent onset showing broad adaptations and chronic onset exhibiting more specific strength- and balance-related changes. Gastrocnemius muscle length and dynamic balance in the anterior direction were identified as significant contributors to gait performance. Targeting these factors, with consideration of symptom duration, may improve gait in individuals with PF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33393\/aop.2026.3626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:14:02Z","timestamp":1771233242000},"page":"23-33","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The relationship between clinical outcomes and gait biomechanics in individuals with plantar fasciitis"],"prefix":"10.33393","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-9730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hataitip","family":"Boonchum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roongtiwa","family":"Vachalathiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7912-9012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoshi","family":"Muraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1044-3174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunee","family":"Bovonsunthonchai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"18642","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"18073","unstructured":"1. Buchanan BK, Sina RE, Kushner D. Plantar fasciitis. StatPearls Publishing; 2025."},{"key":"18074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. Rhim HC, Kwon J, Park J, et al. A systematic review of systematic reviews on the epidemiology, evaluation, and treatment of plantar fasciitis. Life (Basel). 2021;11(12):1287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life11121287 PMID:34947818","DOI":"10.3390\/life11121287"},{"key":"18075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Davis PF, Severud E, Baxter DE. Painful heel syndrome: results of non-operative treatment. Foot Ankle Int. 1994;15(10):531-535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/107110079401501002 PMID:7834059","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401501002"},{"key":"18076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Latt LD, Jaffe DE, Tang Y, et al. Evaluation and treatment of chronic plantar fasciitis. Foot Ankle Orthop. 2020;5(1):2473011419896763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2473011419896763 PMID:35097359","DOI":"10.1177\/2473011419896763"},{"key":"18077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Wearing SC, Smeathers JE, Urry SR, et al. The pathomechanics of plantar fasciitis. Sports Med. 2006;36(7):585-611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00007256-200636070-00004 PMID:16796396","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636070-00004"},{"key":"18078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. de Souza TMM, de Oliveira Coutinho VG, Tessutti VD, et al. Effects of intrinsic foot muscle strengthening on the medial longitudinal arch mobility and function: a systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2023;36:89-99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbmt.2023.05.010 PMID:37949605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2023.05.010"},{"key":"18079","unstructured":"7. Boonchum H, Bovonsunthonchai S, Sinsurin K, et al. Effect of a home-based stretching exercise on multi-segmental foot motion and clinical outcomes in patients with plantar fasciitis. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2020;20(3):411-420. PMID:32877978"},{"key":"18080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Sullivan J, Burns J, Adams R, et al. Musculoskeletal and activity-related factors associated with plantar heel pain. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36(1):37-45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1071100714551021 PMID:25237175","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100714551021"},{"key":"18081","unstructured":"9. Bolgla LA, Malone TR. Plantar fasciitis and the windlass mechanism: a biomechanical link to clinical practice. J Athl Train. 2004;39(1):77-82. PMID:16558682"},{"key":"18082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Richer L, Fortin E, Gagnon G, et al. Impact of plantar fasciitis on postural control and walking in young middle-aged adults. Foot (Edinb). 2022;53:101951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foot.2022.101951 PMID:36463613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2022.101951"},{"key":"18083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Yoo SD, Kim HS, Lee JH, et al. Biomechanical parameters in plantar fasciitis measured by gait analysis system with pressure sensor. Ann Rehabil Med. 2017;41(6):979-989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5535\/arm.2017.41.6.979 PMID:29354574","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2017.41.6.979"},{"key":"18084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Chang R, Rodrigues PA, Van Emmerik RE, et al. Multi-segment foot kinematics and ground reaction forces during gait of individuals with plantar fasciitis. J Biomech. 2014;47(11):2571-2577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.003 PMID:24992816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.06.003"},{"key":"18085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Liddle D, Rome K, Howe T. Vertical ground reaction forces in patients with unilateral plantar heel pain - a pilot study. Gait Posture. 2000;11(1):62-66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0966-6362(99)00053-3 PMID:10664487","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-6362(99)00053-3"},{"key":"18086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Wearing SC, Smeathers JE, Urry SR. The effect of plantar fasciitis on vertical foot-ground reaction force. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003;409:175-185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.blo.0000057989.41099.d8 PMID:12671500","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000057989.41099.d8"},{"key":"18087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Barnes A, Sullivan J, Pappas E, et al. Clinical and functional characteristics of people with chronic and recent-onset plantar heel pain. PM R. 2017;9(11):1128-1134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.04.009 PMID:28461226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2017.04.009"},{"key":"18088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Soltani A, Abolhassani N, Marques-Vidal P, et al. Real-world gait speed estimation, frailty and handgrip strength: a cohort-based study. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):18966. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-98359-0 PMID:34556721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98359-0"},{"key":"18089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Topothai T, Tangcharoensathien V, Edney SM, et al. Patterns and correlates of physical activity and sedentary behavior among Bangkok residents: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2023;18(10):e0292222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0292222 PMID: 37792743","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0292222"},{"key":"18090","unstructured":"18. Youngcharoen P, Aree-Ue S, Saraboon Y. Validation of pain catastrophizing scale Thai version in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Innov Aging. 2018;22(3):238-248."},{"key":"18091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Redmond AC, Crosbie J, Ouvrier RA. Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: the Foot Posture Index. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2006;21(1):89-98. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002 PMID:16182419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002"},{"key":"18092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Klein SE, Dale AM, Hayes MH, et al. Clinical presentation and self-reported patterns of pain and function in patients with plantar heel pain. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(9):693-698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3113\/FAI.2012.0693 PMID:22995253","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2012.0693"},{"key":"18093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Bennell KL, Talbot RC, Wajswelner H, et al. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of a weight-bearing lunge measure of ankle dorsiflexion. Aust J Physiother. 1998;44(3):175-180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60377-9 PMID:11676731","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-9514(14)60377-9"},{"key":"18094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. Spink MJ, Fotoohabadi MR, Menz HB. Foot and ankle strength assessment using handheld dynamometry: reliability and age-related differences. Gerontology. 2010;56(6):525-532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000264655 PMID:19955706","DOI":"10.1159\/000264655"},{"key":"18095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23. Gon\u00e7alves GA, Kamonseki DH, Martinez BR, et al. Static, dynamic balance and functional performance in subjects with and without plantar fasciitis. Fisioter Mov. 2017;30(1):19-27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1980-5918.030.001.ao02","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-5918.030.001.ao02"},{"key":"18096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24. Filipa A, Byrnes R, Paterno MV, et al. Neuromuscular training improves performance on the star excursion balance test in young female athletes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010;40(9):551-558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2519\/jospt.2010.3325 PMID:20710094","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3325"},{"key":"18097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25. Boonchum H, Sinsurin K, Kunanusornchai W, et al. The effect of a home-based stretching exercise on the ground reaction force generation and absorption during walking in individuals with plantar fasciitis. Phys Ther Sport. 2022;58:58-67. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.09.006 PMID:36219985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2022.09.006"},{"key":"18098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 1992;1(3):98-101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10768783"},{"key":"18099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27. Wearing SC, Smeathers JE, Sullivan PM, et al. Plantar fasciitis: are pain and fascial thickness associated with arch shape and loading? Phys Ther. 2007;87(8):1002-1008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20060136 PMID:17553919","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060136"},{"key":"18100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28. Thong-On S, Harutaichun P. Effects of customized insoles with medial wedges on lower extremity kinematics and ultrasonographic findings in plantar fasciitis persons. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):8642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-35862-6 PMID:37244973","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35862-6"},{"key":"18101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29. Shehu SU, Yilmaz AE, \u00d6rs\u00e7eli KA, et al. Comparison of balance performance, gait, foot function, lower extremity biomechanical alignment and muscle strength in individuals with unilateral and bilateral plantar fasciitis. Gait Posture. 2025;119:143-149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.03.003 PMID:40090275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2025.03.003"},{"key":"18102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30. Wu SK, Lou SZ, Lee HM, et al. Gastrocnemius inflexibility on foot progression angle and ankle kinetics during walking. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2014;29(5):556-563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.03.004 PMID:24746853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2014.03.004"},{"key":"18103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31. Thong-On S, Bovonsunthonchai S, Vachalathiti R, et al. Effects of strengthening and stretching exercises on the temporospatial gait parameters in patients with plantar fasciitis: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Rehabil Med. 2019;43(6):662-676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5535\/arm.2019.43.6.662 PMID:31918529","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2019.43.6.662"},{"key":"18104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32. Cinthuja P, Arnold G, Abboud RJ, et al. Analysis of the relationships between balance ability and walking in terms of muscle activities and lower limb kinematics and kinetics. Biomechanics (Basel). 2021;1(2):190-201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomechanics1020016","DOI":"10.3390\/biomechanics1020016"},{"key":"18105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33. Phillips A, McClinton S. Gait deviations associated with plantar heel pain: a systematic review. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2017;42:55-64. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.12.012 PMID:28095359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2016.12.012"},{"key":"18106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34. Sullivan J, Burns J, Adams R, et al. Plantar heel pain and foot loading during normal walking. Gait Posture. 2015;41(2):688-693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.01.025 PMID:25724260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2015.01.025"},{"key":"18107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35. Lichtwark GA, Wilson AM. Optimal muscle fascicle length and tendon stiffness for maximizing gastrocnemius efficiency during human walking and running. J Theor Biol. 2008;252(4):662-673. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.01.018 PMID:18374362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.01.018"},{"key":"18108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36. Lenhart RL, Francis CA, Lenz AL, et al. Empirical evaluation of gastrocnemius and soleus function during walking. J Biomech. 2014;47(12):2969-2974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.07.007 PMID:25107666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.07.007"},{"key":"18109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37. Bok SK, Lee TH, Lee SS. The effects of changes of ankle strength and range of motion according to aging on balance. Ann Rehabil Med. 2013;37(1):10-16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5535\/arm.2013.37.1.10 PMID:23525655","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2013.37.1.10"},{"key":"18110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38. Fujimoto M, Hsu WL, Woollacott MH, et al. Ankle dorsiflexor strength relates to the ability to restore balance during a backward support surface translation. Gait Posture. 2013;38(4):812-817. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.03.026 PMID:23602447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.03.026"},{"key":"18111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39. Bertrand-Charette M, Jeffrey-Gauthier R, Roy JS, et al. Gait adaptation to a phase-specific nociceptive electrical stimulation applied at the ankle: a model to study musculoskeletal-like pain. Front Hum Neurosci. 2021;15:762450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2021.762450 PMID:34975433","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.762450"},{"key":"18112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40. Wu SK, You JY, Chen HY, et al. Gastrocnemius tightness affects hip and pelvic movement in gait. Biomed Eng (Singapore). 2020;32(4):2050031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4015\/S1016237220500313","DOI":"10.4015\/S1016237220500313"},{"key":"18113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41. Brown C, Simonsick E, Schrack J, et al. Impact of balance on the energetic cost of walking and gait speed. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023;71(11):3489-3497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.18521 PMID:37528742","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.18521"}],"container-title":["Archives of Physiotherapy"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.archivesofphysiotherapy.com\/index.php\/aop\/article\/download\/3626\/4087","content-type":"application\/epub+zip","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.archivesofphysiotherapy.com\/index.php\/aop\/article\/download\/3626\/4088","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.archivesofphysiotherapy.com\/index.php\/aop\/article\/download\/3626\/4088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:14:07Z","timestamp":1771233247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.archivesofphysiotherapy.com\/index.php\/aop\/article\/view\/3626"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33393\/aop.2026.3626","relation":{},"ISSN":["2057-0082","2057-0082"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2057-0082","type":"electronic"},{"value":"2057-0082","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]}}}