{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T01:43:14Z","timestamp":1779154994347,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Korean Neurosurgical Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1C1C1010686"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1C1C1010686"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M3A9E2061791"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M3A9E2061791"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["jkns.or.kr"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Korean Neurosurg Soc"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective : Isoflurane, a widely used common inhalational anesthetic agent, can induce brain toxicity. The challenge lies in protecting neurologically compromised patients from neurotoxic anesthetics. Choline alfoscerate (L-\u03b1-Glycerophosphorylcholine, \u03b1-GPC) is recognized for its neuroprotective properties against oxidative stress and inflammation, but its optimal therapeutic window and indications are still under investigation. This study explores the impact of \u03b1-GPC on human astrocytes, the most abundant cells in the brain that protect against oxidative stress, under isoflurane exposure.Methods : This study was designed to examine changes in factors related to isoflurane-induced toxicity following \u03b1-GPC administration. Primary human astrocytes were pretreated with varying doses of \u03b1-GPC (ranging from 0.1 to 10.0 \u03bcM) for 24 hours prior to 2.5% isoflurane exposure. In vitro analysis of cell morphology, water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, proteome profiler array, and transcriptome sequencing were conducted.Results : A significant morphological damage to human astrocytes was observed in the group that had been pretreated with 10.0 mM of \u03b1-GPC and exposed to 2.5% isoflurane. A decrease in cell viability was identified in the group pretreated with 10.0 \u03bcM of \u03b1-GPC and exposed to 2.5% isoflurane compared to the group exposed only to 2.5% isoflurane. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that mRNA expression of heme-oxygenase 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1\u03b1, which were reduced by isoflurane, was further suppressed by 10.0 \u03bcM \u03b1-GPC pretreatment. The proteome profiler array demonstrated that \u03b1-GPC pretreatment influenced a variety of factors associated with apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing identified pathways significantly related to changes in isoflurane-induced toxicity caused by \u03b1-GPC pretreatment.Conclusion : The findings suggest that \u03b1-GPC pretreatment could potentially enhance the vulnerability of primary human astrocytes to isoflurane-induced toxicity by diminishing the expression of antioxidant factors, potentially leading to amplified cell damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2023.0208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T05:53:36Z","timestamp":1697781216000},"page":"418-430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Potential Risk of Choline Alfoscerate on Isoflurane-Induced Toxicity in Primary Human Astrocytes"],"prefix":"10.3340","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4255-8937","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyun Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2107-5813","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hye Rim","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5923-1053","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Minji","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7005-2194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yeo Song","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9189-5839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Youn Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2501-0400","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyuha","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1892","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.6956"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"253","volume-title":"alpha-Glycerophosphocholine in the mental recovery of cerebral ischemic attacks. 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