{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T08:28:42Z","timestamp":1765268922309},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Korean Ophthalmological Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1I1A1A01047951"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A1A01047951"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minsitry of Science and ICT"},{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine","award":["22C0615L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22C0615L1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003625","name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003625","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ekjo.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Korean J Ophthalmol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) is an autosomal dominant corneal stromal dystrophy that is caused by p.Arg124His mutation of transforming growth factor \u03b2 induced (&lt;i&gt;TGFBI&lt;\/i&gt;) gene. It is characterized by well demarcated granular shaped opacities in central anterior stroma and as the disease progresses, extrusion of the deposits results in ocular pain due to corneal epithelial erosion. Also, diffuse corneal haze which appears late, causes decrease in visual acuity. The prevalence of GCD2 is high in East Asia including Korea. Homozygous patients show a severe phenotype from an early age, and the heterozygote phenotype varies among patients, depending on several types of compound heterozygous &lt;i&gt;TGFBI&lt;\/i&gt; mutations. In the initial stage, conservative treatments such as artificial tears, antibiotic eye drops, and bandage contact lenses are used to treat corneal erosion. Different surgical methods are used depending on the depth and extent of the stromal deposits. Phototherapeutic keratectomy removes anterior opacities and is advantageous in terms of its applicability and repeatability. For deeper lesions, deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty can be used as the endothelial layer is not always affected. Recurrence following these treatments are reported within a wide range of rates in different studies due to varying definition of recurrence and follow-up period. In patients who have undergone corneal laser vision-correction surgeries such as photorefractive keratectomy, LASEK, or LASIK including SMILE surgery, corneal opacity exacerbates rapidly with severe deterioration of visual acuity. Further investigations on new treatments of GCD2 are necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3341\/kjo.2023.0032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T23:46:35Z","timestamp":1687218395000},"page":"340-347","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3341\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mini-Review: Clinical Features and Management of Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2"],"prefix":"10.3341","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Myung Soo","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ikhyun","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eung Kweon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1893","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.03.004"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0000000000000307"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ico.0b013e31817780fb"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/icl.0b013e3181ef0da0"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(92)31766-x"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0397-247"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/301720"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.117.1.67"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.118.6.814"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0021-5155(02)00644-5"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"1095","volume-title":"Homozygous granular corneal dystrophy type II (Avellino corneal dystrophy): natural history and progression after treatment","author":"Moon","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.107715"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09286581003624939"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"16","volume-title":"Survey of patients with granular, lattice, avellino, and Reis-B\u00fccklers corneal dystrophies for mutations in the BIGH3 and gelsolin genes","author":"Afshari","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2333","volume-title":"Genotype-phenotype correlation of TGFBI corneal dystrophies in Polish patients","author":"Nowinska","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.11.002"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.22067"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"e113","volume-title":"Changes of clinical manifestation of granular corneal deposits because of recurrent corneal erosion in granular corneal dystrophy types 1 and 2","author":"Han","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0161-6420(88)33226-4"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.005"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2004.06.021"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1228"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"614","volume-title":"Recurrent granular dystrophy of the cornea: an unusual case","author":"Frising","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"974","volume-title":"Double mutation (R124H, N544S) of TGFBI in two sisters with combined expression of Avellino and lattice corneal dystrophies","author":"Yamada","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"224","volume-title":"Novel and known mutations of TGFBI, their genotype-phenotype correlation and structural modeling in 3 Chinese families with lattice corneal dystrophy","author":"Zhong","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref26","first-page":"1192","volume-title":"Genotype-phenotype correlations of TGFBI p.Leu509Pro, p. 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