{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:24:13Z","timestamp":1782779053372,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Korean Pediatric Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-cep.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune enteropathy. It results from genetic predisposition and exposure to gluten-containing food. The prevalence and presentation of CD vary among populations.Purpose: This study aimed to describe the prevalence and clinical characteristics of CD in children in Bahrain.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children diagnosed with CD in the pediatric department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain, in 1988\u20132018. Their clinical, biochemical, serological, and histopathological findings were documented. Adherence to the recommended gluten-free diet (GFD) was assessed.Results: Of 86 patients with CD, 67 were included. The CD prevalence was 0.02%. A significant increase in prevalence in the last decade was observed (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.0001). Thirty-eight patients (56.7%) were males. The median (interquartile range) age at presentation was 4.45 (1.5\u20147.3) years. A family history of CD was positive in 13 out of 43 patients (30.2%). Pallor and failure to thrive were the most common presentations. The most frequent associated disease was iron-deficiency anemia in 23 patients (69.7%). Positive serology was found in 32 of 45 patients (71.1%). Marsh-Oberhuber type III was found in 16 of 35 patients (45.7%). Seropositive patients were significantly older (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.025) and had more severe duodenal histology (&lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;=0.002). Adherence to GFD was poor in 27 patients (64.3%).Conclusion: This study revealed a significant increase in CD prevalence over the last decade. Atypical presentations were frequent. Most patients had poor adherence to GFD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.00304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,17]],"date-time":"2020-10-17T03:23:36Z","timestamp":1602905016000},"page":"301-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Celiac disease in children: Increasing prevalence and changing clinical presentations"],"prefix":"10.3345","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6022-5576","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hasan M.","family":"Isa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaafar J.","family":"Makhlooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afaf M.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jumana G.","family":"Al-Arayedh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawzeya A.","family":"Alahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shima","family":"Medani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1897","reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"347","volume-title":"Accuracy of HLA-DQ genotyping in combination with IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase serology and a \u201cscoring system\u201d for the diagnosis of celiac disease in Turkish children","author":"\u00c7akir","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Celiac disease in childhood: evaluation of 140 patients","author":"Ertekin","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2015.18.1.23"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa1400697"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/37252"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2015.0553"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"166","volume-title":"Frequency of celiac disease in children with chronic functional constipation in Shiraz-Iran","author":"Dehghani","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.219"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.170952"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Changing spectrum of celiac disease in India","author":"Rawal","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2012.4"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Incidence and distribution of celiac disease in Campania (Italy): 2011-2013","author":"Zingone","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307105"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/ceg.s73067"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-015-0357-4"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"98","volume-title":"Serological evaluation of celiac disease in children with congenital heart defect; 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