{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:22:31Z","timestamp":1787498551261,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Korean Pediatric Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-cep.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Reading disability (dyslexia) refers to an unexpected difficulty with reading for an individual who has the intelligence to be a much better reader. Dyslexia is most commonly caused by a difficulty in phonological processing (the appreciation of the individual sounds of spoken language), which affects the ability of an individual to speak, read, and spell. In this paper, I describe reading disabilities by focusing on their underlying neurobiological mechanisms. Neurobiological studies using functional brain imaging have uncovered the reading pathways, brain regions involved in reading, and neurobiological abnormalities of dyslexia. The reading pathway is in the order of visual analysis, letter recognition, word recognition, meaning (semantics), phonological processing, and speech production. According to functional neuroimaging studies, the important areas of the brain related to reading include the inferior frontal cortex (Broca\u2019s area), the midtemporal lobe region, the inferior parieto-temporal area, and the left occipitotemporal region (visual word form area). Interventions for dyslexia can affect reading ability by causing changes in brain function and structure. An accurate diagnosis and timely specialized intervention are important in children with dyslexia. In cases in which national infant development screening tests have been conducted, as in Korea, if language developmental delay and early predictors of dyslexia are detected, careful observation of the progression to dyslexia and early intervention should be made.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.01543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T03:26:33Z","timestamp":1614655593000},"page":"497-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Recent update on reading disability (dyslexia) focused on neurobiology"],"prefix":"10.3345","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6525-2319","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sung Koo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1897","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17161\/fec.v39i1.6824"},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"71","volume-title":"The life and work of Adolph Kussmaul 1822\u2013 1902: \u2018Sword swallowers in modern medicine\u2019","author":"Rehnberg","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02653841"},{"key":"ref5","volume-title":"","author":"Kliegman","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802100908"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2006.046516"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-3223(02)01365-3"},{"key":"ref9","volume-title":"","author":"Shaywitz","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-9452(08)70399-x"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892902317205285"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1053-8119(03)00343-4"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.044"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362342a0"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.10.001"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.017"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00161"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20272"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awn300"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1364-6613(03)00134-7"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.04.003"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(12)60198-6"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130460"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.264.8.998"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721411408673"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.103"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15861\/kjse.2018.53.1.1"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-018-0155-0"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pcn.12950"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17197140"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.24-5-147"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-003-0001-9"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02648087"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0938-8982.00023"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098386"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0021-9630.2003.00305.x"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2007.02.013"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.104.6.1351"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-998-0006-5"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Katsiyannis A. 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