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The cause of CPP in most girls is not identifiable and, thus, referred to as idiopathic CPP (ICPP), whereas boys are more likely to have an organic lesion in the brain. ICPP has a genetic background, as supported by studies showing that maternal age at menarche is associated with pubertal timing in their offspring. A gain of expression in the kisspeptin gene (KISS1), gain-of-function mutation in the kisspeptin receptor gene (KISS1R), loss-of-function mutation in makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3), and loss-of-function mutations in the delta-like homolog 1 gene (DLK1) have been associated with ICPP. Other genes, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 (GABRA1), lin-28 homolog B (LIN28B), neuropeptide Y (NPYR), tachykinin 3 (TAC3), and tachykinin receptor 3 (TACR3), have been implicated in the progression of ICPP, although their relationships require elucidation. Environmental and socioeconomic factors may also be correlated with ICPP. In the progression of CPP, epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation, histone posttranslational modifications, and noncoding ribonucleic acids may mediate the relationship between genetic and environmental factors. CPP is correlated with short- and long-term adverse health outcomes, which forms the rationale for research focusing on understanding its genetic and nongenetic factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2021.00521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T07:39:23Z","timestamp":1634542763000},"page":"172-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Genetic factors in precocious puberty"],"prefix":"10.3345","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0850-5279","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Young Suk","family":"Shim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hae Sang","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2666-3801","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jin Soon","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1897","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2013.0423"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.6.7603"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/rep-16-0378"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-8529(18)30279-2"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(15)00380-0"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-009-0993-1"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e406"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460903049074"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem.2008.21.10.951"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2012.177"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.27913"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12214"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/7.3.292"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"2366","volume-title":"Clinical practice. 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