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Its pathology is based on a series of complex immune responses, including initial innate immune responses in response to viral entry, adaptive immune responses leading to the development of antigen-specific antibodies, and autoimmune responses to cellular injury caused by cardiomyocyte rupture that releases antigens. Chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the myocardium eventually result in cardiac failure. Recent advancements in molecular biology have remarkably increased our understanding of myocarditis. In particular, microRNAs (miRNAs) are a hot topic in terms of the role of new biomarkers and the pathophysiology of myocarditis. Myocarditis has been linked with microRNA-221\/222 (miR-221\/222), miR-155, miR-10a*, and miR-590. Despite the lack of clinical trials of miRNA intervention in myocarditis yet, multiple clinical trials of miRNAs in other cardiac diseases have been aggressively conducted to help pave the way for future research, which is bolstered by the success of recently U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved small-RNA medications. This review presents basic information and recent research that focuses on myocarditis and related miRNAs as a potential novel biomarker and the therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2021.01802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,2]],"date-time":"2022-03-02T05:40:05Z","timestamp":1646199605000},"page":"230-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Implication of microRNA as a potential biomarker of myocarditis"],"prefix":"10.3345","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2893-0563","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jin-Hee","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7880-280X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gi Beom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2699-9935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Heeyoung","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1897","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.115.306573"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn296"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"499","volume-title":"The fate of acute myocarditis between spontaneous improvement and evolution to dilated cardiomyopathy: a review","author":"D'Ambrosio","year":"2001"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0046-8177(87)80363-5"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"e69","volume-title":"Recognition and initial management of fulminant myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","author":"Kociol","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(89)90465-8"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.113.003092"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.108.769489"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm076"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10840-018-0410-7"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"743","volume-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"121","volume-title":"The global burden of myocarditis: part 1: a systematic literature review for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 study","author":"Cooper","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.118.035319"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.063"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"e273","volume-title":"Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: Task Force 3: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology","author":"Maron","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.99.7.889"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acvd.2009.04.010"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s104795111000020x"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"466","volume-title":"Detection of viruses in myocardial tissues by polymerase chain reaction. evidence of adenovirus as a common cause of myocarditis in children and adults","author":"Bowles","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780120"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.0000154263.70223.13"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(80)90233-1"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01137"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.39.12.4585-4587.2001"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jccase.2019.12.001"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-014-4118-x"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.106.624296"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"688","volume-title":"Hypersensitivity myocarditis in heart transplant candidates","author":"Gravanis","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2109730"},{"key":"ref31","first-page":"1970","volume-title":"BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. 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