{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T13:25:18Z","timestamp":1778678718876,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Korean Pediatric Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-cep.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In preterm newborns, neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is among the main causes of respiratory failure and mortality. However, the effect of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) on neonatal developmental lung disease is not well documented in the literature. Moreover, little is known about the effects of growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) on lung maturity in preterm infants.Purpose: To evaluate serum MIF and GDF-15 levels in preterm infants with and without RDS and analyze the genetic profile of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for MIF rs755622 G&gt;C and GDF-15 rs4808793 C&gt;GMethods: In this case-control study, 90 preterm newborns were categorized into 3 groups: group A included 30 preterm newborns with mild to moderate RDS, group B included 30 preterm newborns with severe RDS, and group C included 30 healthy preterm newborns. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods were used to measure serum MIF and GDF-15 levels. The MIF rs755622 G&gt;C and GDF-15 rs4808793 C&gt;G SNPs were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction.Results: Significantly higher median MIF and GDF-15 blood levels were noted among neonates with severe RDS (17.32 \u03bcg\/L and 3.19 pg\/mL, respectively) versus those with mild to moderate RDS (5.50 \u03bcg\/L and 0.71 pg\/mL, respectively) (P&lt;0.05 for both). A significantly higher frequency of a mutant C-allele of MIF rs755622 G&gt;C was noted among cases (37.5%) versus controls (13.3%) (P=0.001; odds ratio [OR], 0.256; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.112\u20130.589). A significantly higher frequency of a mutant G-allele of GDF-15 rs4808793 C&gt;G SNPs was noted among cases (49.2%) versus controls (30%) (OR, 0.443; 95% CI, 0.229\u20130.856).Conclusion: These findings suggest that serum MIF and GDF-15 levels are strongly associated with RDS severity among preterm neonates. Moreover, polymorphisms of MIF and GDF-15 could be genetic risk factors for the development of neonatal RDS among preterm babies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2025.00416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T22:05:00Z","timestamp":1743458700000},"page":"680-689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of macrophage migration-inhibitory factor gene and growth differentiation factor 15 gene polymorphisms and their circulating levels with respiratory distress syndrome among preterm neonates"],"prefix":"10.3345","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ali Helmi","family":"Bakri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-9438","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammed 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