{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:27:32Z","timestamp":1791592052271,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Korean Pediatric Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755648000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023174","name":"Indonesian Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NKB-850\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKB-850\/UN2.RST\/HKP.05.00\/2024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023174","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-cep.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cholestasis is characterized by disrupted bile flow and can lead to severe liver disease in newborns, of which biliary atresia (BA) is a common cause. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in aggravating liver injury in BA and non-BA cholestasis. However, information is lacking regarding the differences in gut microbiome composition between patients with BA and non-BA cholestasis.Purpose: This study aimed to assess the gut microbiome profile of infants with BA versus those with non-BA cholestasis and healthy controls in an Indonesian population.Methods: We investigated the changes in the microbial composition of fecal samples from 12 infants with BA and 8 with non-BA cholestasis and compared them with those of 8 age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Fecal DNA from all the participants was subjected to 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing.Results: The fecal microbiome at the phylum level differed between the BA and non-BA cholestasis groups with increased Proteobacteria and decreased Firmicutes. At the genus level, the BA group was enriched with Bacteroides, unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, and Dialister (P&lt;0.05), whereas the non-BA group was enriched with Klebsiella, Chryseobacterium, Acinetobacter, and Pseudomonas (P&lt;0.05). Parabacteroides, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, Actinomyces, Anaerococcus, Clostridium innocuum group, Collinsella, Gemella, and Peptostreptococcaceae (P&lt;0.05) were more enriched in the HC than in the other 2 groups. Detected cytomegalovirus in fecal samples was associated with significant microbial shifts, including increased Lactobacillus, decreased Escherichia-Shigella, and altered Faith\u2019s phylogenetic diversity, highlighting its potential role in gut microbiome modulation. Microbial alterations in patients with BA versus non-BA cholestasis were significantly correlated with liver function indicators.Conclusion: The BA and non-BA groups showed specific genus enrichment, highlighting the urgent need to identify potential treatments to inhibit the progression of liver injury in infants with cholestasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2025.00563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,20]],"date-time":"2025-08-20T07:57:01Z","timestamp":1755676621000},"page":"932-943","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fecal microbiome profiles in infants with biliary atresia versus nonbiliary atresia cholestasis: a pilot 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