{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:05:51Z","timestamp":1792451151509,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Korean Pediatric Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010804","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["64-087-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["64-087-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-cep.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Pediatr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Open cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) triggers a systemic inflammatory response that significantly affects clinical outcomes. However, the dynamics and specific roles of cytokine release after CPB in the pediatric population remain unclear.Purpose: To evaluate the dynamics of cytokine levels and their association with low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS)-related outcomes.Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted of 32 children who underwent elective open cardiac surgery with CPB at Songklanagarind Hospital, Thailand. Levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 were analyzed preoperatively and immediately (T0), 6, 12, and 24 hours after intensive care unit admission. LCOS-related outcomes were defined with at least two of the following criteria being met within 24 hours postoperative: clinical and laboratory parameters, vasopressor-inotropic score \u226520, ejection fraction &lt;50% on echocardiography; and requirement for a serious postoperative intervention. Statistical analyses utilized linear mixed models and multivariate logistic regression to identify the independent predictors of LCOS.Results: The mean patient age was 34.8\u00b134.4 months; 56.2 % were male. Roughly one-third (37.5%) had a history of previous cardiac surgery, while one-quarter (28.3%) had a Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery score \u22653. LCOS-related outcomes occurred in 37.5% of patients. IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1 levels differed significantly between patients with and without LCOS outcomes. An increase in IL-8 of &gt;56 pg\/mL from baseline to T0 showed the strongest association with LCOS (odds ratio, 37.34; 95% confidence interval, 4.53\u2013836.53).Conclusion: An elevated postoperative IL-8 level is a robust predictor of LCOS-related outcomes in pediatric patients undergoing cardiac surgery. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring cytokine dynamics to guide interventions and improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2025.00836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T03:11:27Z","timestamp":1758251487000},"page":"1015-1022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cytokine profile of Post\u2013cardiopulmonary bypass in 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