{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:05:23Z","timestamp":1790467523920,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Korean Society for Parasitology","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["parasitol.kr"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Korean J Parasitol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study is to determine the species of parasites that affected the inhabitants of the city of Acre on the coast of the eastern Mediterranean during the Ottoman Period. This is the first archaeological study of parasites in the Ottoman Empire. We analysed sediment from a latrine dating to the early 1800s for the presence of helminth eggs and protozoan parasites which caused dysentery. The samples were examined using light microscopy and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. We found evidence for roundworm (&lt;i&gt;Ascaris&lt;\/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;lumbricoides&lt;\/i&gt;), whipworm (&lt;i&gt;Trichuris&lt;\/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;trichiura&lt;\/i&gt;), fish tapeworm (&lt;i&gt;Dibothriocephalus&lt;\/i&gt; sp.), &lt;i&gt;Taenia&lt;\/i&gt; tapeworm (&lt;i&gt;Taenia&lt;\/i&gt; sp.), lancet liver fluke (&lt;i&gt;Dicrocoelium&lt;\/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;dendriticum&lt;\/i&gt;), and the protozoa &lt;i&gt;Giardia&lt;\/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;duodenalis&lt;\/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Entamoeba&lt;\/i&gt; &lt;i&gt;histolytica&lt;\/i&gt;. The parasite taxa recovered demonstrate the breadth of species present in this coastal city. We consider the effect of Ottoman Period diet, culture, trade and sanitation upon risk of parasitism in this community living 200 years ago.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.6.575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T04:05:11Z","timestamp":1577937911000},"page":"575-580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Intestinal Parasites in an Ottoman Period Latrine from Acre (Israel) Dating to the Early 1800s CE"],"prefix":"10.3347","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"William H.","family":"Eskew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marissa L.","family":"Ledger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Pyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joppe","family":"Gosker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piers D.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1900","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511614965","volume-title":"History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey","author":"Shaw","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09518967.2016.1173358"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"","author":"Sharon","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"","author":"Howard","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0020743800021528"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasrep.2018.07.013"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2017.09.002"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.598"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762003000900017"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2076.1"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Toilet practices among members of the Dead Sea Scrolls sect at Qumran (100 BCE\u201368 CE)","author":"Harter","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2007.11.017"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2011.10.005"},{"key":"ref14","first-page":"86","volume-title":"Human parasites in archaeological findings","author":"Witenberg","year":"1961"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0195481"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2013.03.003"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2013.04.003"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpp.2015.02.003"},{"key":"ref19","volume-title":"","author":"Garcia","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7519(73)90109-4"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"64","volume-title":"It had to happen. 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