{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T13:50:34Z","timestamp":1770040234342,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Korean Society for Parasitology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582934400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017R1A5A2015385,2019R1C1C1004431,2018M2A2B3A02072071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017R1A5A2015385,2019R1C1C1004431,2018M2A2B3A02072071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["parasitol.kr"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Korean J Parasitol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Toxoplasma gondii&lt;\/i&gt; is an intracellular protozoan parasite that infects approximately one third of the human popu- lation worldwide. Considering the toxicity and side effects of anti-toxoplasma medications, it is important to develop effec- tive drug alternatives with fewer and less severe off-target effects. In this study, we found that 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4- HBA) induced autophagy and the expression of NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Interestingly, treatment of BMDMs with 4-HBA significantly reduced the number of macrophages infected with &lt;i&gt;T. gondii&lt;\/i&gt; and the proliferation of &lt;i&gt;T. gondii&lt;\/i&gt; in infected cells. This effect was impaired by pretreating the macrophages with 3-methyladenine or wortmannin (selective autophagy inhibitors) or with sirtinol or EX527 (SIRT1 inhibitors). Moreover, we found that pharmacological inhibition of SIRT1 prevented 4-HBA-mediated expres- sion of LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate (LC3-II) and the colocalization of &lt;i&gt;T. gondii&lt;\/i&gt; parasitophorous vacuoles with autophagosomes in BMDMs. These data suggest that 4-HBA promotes antiparasitic host responses by activating SIRT1- mediated autophagy, and 4-HBA might be a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of toxoplasmosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2020.58.1.7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T06:10:02Z","timestamp":1583215802000},"page":"7-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde Restricts the Intracellular Growth of Toxoplasma gondii by Inducing SIRT1-Mediated Autophagy in 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