{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T14:32:29Z","timestamp":1788877949796,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Korean Society for Parasitology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,22]],"date-time":"2023-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["parahostdis.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasit Host Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>&lt;i&gt;Trichomonas vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; infection is asymptomatic in most infected men but can lead to chronic infection. The inflammatory response to chronic &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; infection may contribute to prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); however, studies on the relationship between &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; infection and prostate diseases are scarce. In this review, we discuss evidence from our studies on the involvement of &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, such as prostatitis and BPH. Studies of prostatitis have demonstrated that the attachment of &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; trophozoite to prostate epithelial cells (PECs) induces inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell migration, leading to prostatitis. &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; also causes pathological changes, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, acinar changes, interstitial fibrosis, and mast cell infiltration, in prostate tissues of infected rats. Thus, &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; is considered an infectious agent that triggers prostatitis. Meanwhile, studies of prostatic hyperplasia revealed that mast cells activated by &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt;-infected prostate cells secreted inflammatory mediators, such as \u03b2-hexosaminidase and tryptase, which promoted proliferation of prostate stromal cell (PSC). Moreover, interleukin-6 produced by proliferating PSCs induced the multiplication of BPH-1 epithelial cells as a result of stromal\u2013epithelial interaction, suggesting that the proliferation of &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt;-infected prostate cells can be induced through crosstalk with mast cells. These collective findings suggest that &lt;i&gt;T. vaginalis&lt;\/i&gt; contributes to the progression of prostatitis and prostatic hyperplasia by creating an inflammatory microenvironment involving PECs and PSCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3347\/phd.22160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,27]],"date-time":"2023-02-27T23:33:41Z","timestamp":1677540821000},"page":"2-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Inflammatory response to Trichomonas vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostatitis and benign prostatic 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