{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:23:47Z","timestamp":1790821427151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Korean Society for Parasitology","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2B5B01001641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2B5B01001641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["parahostdis.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasites Hosts Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer immunotherapy is widely used to treat various cancers to augment the weakened host immune response against tumors. Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that play dual roles in inducing innate and adaptive immunity. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that exhibits anti-tumor activity against certain types of cancers. However, little is known about the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii or tumor\/parasite antigen-pulsed DCs (DC vaccines, DCV) in breast cancer. In this study, C57BL\/6 mice were administered E0771 mouse breast cancer cells (Cancer-injected) subcutaneously, T. gondii Me49 cysts orally (TG-injected), or DCs pulsed with breast cancer cell lysate antigen and T. gondii lysate antigens (DCV-injected) intraperitoneally. Tumor size and immunological characteristics were subsequently evaluated. We also evaluated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 levels in E0771 mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with T. gondii or DCs by RT-PCR. The tumor volumes of mice injected with breast cancer cells and antigen-pulsed DCs (Cancer\/DCV-injected mice) were similar to those of Cancer-injected mice; however, they were significantly reduced in T. gondii-infected tumor-bearing (TG\/Cancer-injected) mice. Moreover, tumor volumes were significantly reduced by adding antigen-pulsed DCs (TG\/Cancer\/DCV-injected mice) compared to TG\/Cancer-injected mice. The levels of IFN-\u03b3, serum IgG2a levels, and CD8+ T cell populations were significantly higher in DCV- and TG-injected mice than in control mice, while no significant differences between Cancer- and Cancer\/DCV-injected mice were observed. The levels of IFN-\u03b3, the IgG2a levels, and the percentage of CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in TG\/Cancer- and TG\/Cancer\/DCV-injected mice than in Cancer-injected mice. IFN-\u03b3 levels and serum IgG2a levels were further increased in TG\/Cancer\/DCV-injected mice than in TG\/Cancer-injected mice. The MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expressions were significantly decreased in mouse breast cancer cells co-cultured with live T. gondii, T. gondii lysate antigen, or antigen-pulsed DCs (DCV) but not in inactivated DCs. These results indicate that T. gondii induces anti-tumor effects in breast cancer-bearing mice through the induction of strong Th1 immune responses, but not in antigen-pulsed DCs alone. The addition of antigen-pulsed DCs further augments the anti-tumor effects of T. gondii.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3347\/phd.24082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T01:33:52Z","timestamp":1740706432000},"page":"37-49","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Anti-tumor effects of Toxoplasma gondii and antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in mice bearing breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.3347","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3845-9584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bong Kyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-8545","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hei 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of route of administration on the efficacy of dendritic cell vaccine in PDAC mice","author":"Yang","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"562","volume-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging monitoring therapeutic response to dendritic cell vaccine in murine orthotopic pancreatic cancer models","author":"Pan","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007661"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2019.12.001"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.22833"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.08.001"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.899737"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0026"}],"container-title":["Parasites, Hosts and Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/parahostdis.org\/upload\/pdf\/PHD-24082.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T01:34:04Z","timestamp":1740706444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parahostdis.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.3347\/PHD.24082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/phd.24082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2982-5164","2982-6799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2982-5164","type":"print"},{"value":"2982-6799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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