{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T23:17:48Z","timestamp":1785539868563,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Korean Society for Parasitology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Fishery Products Quality Management Service","award":["NFQS2025001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFQS2025001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007049","name":"Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PEA0301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PEA0301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["parahostdis.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Parasites Hosts Dis"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The alveolate protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni infects a range of marine bivalves inhabiting tidal flats and shallow subtidal zones, causing considerable damage to shellfish industries. Infection by P. olseni is typically assessed using Ray\u2019s fluid thioglycollate medium (RFTM) assay, with gill tissue often employed as a diagnostic proxy for whole-body infection. However, the diagnostic reliability of gill-based assays across diverse ecological settings\u2014particularly under low-infection conditions\u2014remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated tissue-specific distribution and the diagnostic performance of the RFTM assay in detecting P. olseni in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) collected from 6 tidal flats along Korea\u2019s west and south coast. The assay was applied to 6 different tissues, including gills and visceral mass. Infection prevalence reached 100% at most sites, except at Padori (90%). Whole-body infection intensity ranged from 0.1\u00d7104 to 3.7\u00d7106  cells per gram of tissue. The visceral mass consistently harbored the largest proportion of parasites (27.8%\u201349.0%), followed by the mantle (17.4%\u201330.6%) and gills (19.4%\u201325.2%). Gill infection levels correlated strongly with whole-body infection intensity (r\u00b2=0.6\u20130.95), supporting their diagnostic value in high-infection areas. However, at Padori\u2014where infection levels were lowest\u2014the efficacy of the gill assay dropped to 56%, resulting in a 44% false negative rate. These results underscore the limitations of relying solely on gill tissue in low-infection environments and highlight the need for a context-dependent diagnostic approach. A dual-tissue strategy incorporating both gill and whole-body samples is recommended to improve diagnostic accuracy in P. olseni surveillance of Manila clam populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3347\/phd.25014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T01:06:27Z","timestamp":1748567187000},"page":"157-167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of the gill-based Ray\u2019s fluid thioglycollate medium assay for Perkinsus olseni infections in Manila clams (Ruditapes philippinarum) across Korean tidal flats"],"prefix":"10.3347","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0409-211X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Young-Ghan","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3512-6765","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kajino","family":"Nobuhisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4124-2958","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hee 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intensity, prevalence and histopathology of <italic>Perkinsus<\/italic> sp. in the Manila clam, <italic>Ruditapes philippinarum<\/italic>, in Isahaya Bay, Japan","author":"Choi","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2009.00337.x"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.52.202"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.116.3014.360"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2015.05.004"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/alr:2004050"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"125","volume-title":"The energetic cost of <italic>Perkinsus marinus<\/italic> parasitism in oysters: quantification of the thioglycollate 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Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/parahostdis.org\/upload\/pdf\/PHD-25014.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T01:06:33Z","timestamp":1748567193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/parahostdis.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.3347\/PHD.25014"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/phd.25014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2982-5164","2982-6799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2982-5164","type":"print"},{"value":"2982-6799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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