{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:51:28Z","timestamp":1792446688727,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"The Korean Association for the Study of the Liver","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5UL1TR001442"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5UL1TR001442"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30DK120515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK120515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01HL147835"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01HL147835"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"John C. Martin Foundation","award":["RP124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RP124"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01AA029019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01AA029019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["e-cmh.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clin Mol Hepatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Aims: Alcohol represents a leading burden of disease worldwide, including alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-related liver disease (ALD). We aim to assess the global burden of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer between 2000\u20132021.Methods: We registered the global and regional trends of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-related liver cancer using data from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Study, the largest and most up-to-date global epidemiology database. We estimated the annual percent change (APC) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) to assess changes in age-standardized rates over time.Results: In 2021, there were 111.12 million cases of AUD, 3.02 million cases of ALD, and 132,030 cases of alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer. Between 2000 and 2021, there was a 14.66% increase in AUD, a 38.68% increase in ALD, and a 94.12% increase in alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer prevalence. While the age-standardized prevalence rate for liver cancer from alcohol increased (APC 0.59%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52 to 0.67%) over these years, it decreased for ALD (APC \u20130.71%; 95% CI \u20130.75 to \u20130.67%) and AUD (APC \u20130.90%; 95% CI \u20130.94 to \u20130.86%). There was significant variation by region, socioeconomic development level, and sex. During the last years (2019\u20132021), the prevalence, incidence, and death of ALD increased to a greater extent in females.Conclusions: Given the high burden of AUD, ALD, and alcohol-attributable primary liver cancer, urgent measures are needed to prevent them at both global and national levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T18:16:10Z","timestamp":1736446570000},"page":"525-547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3350\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Global epidemiology of alcohol-related liver disease, liver cancer, and alcohol use disorder, 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