{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T08:08:58Z","timestamp":1790496538914,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>spp. are parasitic intracellular protozoa that infect the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts of vertebrates. The disease affects many different avian species across all continents, and &gt;25 species and genotypes of<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>have been documented infecting birds. We report on an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in African penguin<jats:italic>Spheniscus demersus<\/jats:italic>chicks admitted to a rehabilitation center in South Africa from February 2012 to October 2013. Eighteen cases were confirmed through histopathology. The most frequent clinical signs were regurgitation (78%), dyspnea (72%), decreased weight gain or weight loss (72%), and lethargy (50%). Clinical signs began 8-46 d after hatching or admission (median: 13 d), and death followed 1-41 d after the onset of clinical signs (median: 13.5 d). The most frequent necropsy findings were stomach distended with undigested food or gas (78%), mildly reddened lungs (56%), spleen petechial hemorrhage (44%), and kidney congestion (39%). The most frequent histopathological findings were necrotic bursitis (89%), necrotic enteritis (83%), and bursal atrophy (67%). Small round or oval basophilic bodies (3-5 \u00b5m diameter) consistent with<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>sp. were closely associated with the surface of the epithelial cells or in the lumen of the bursa (89%), large intestine (61%), small intestine (44%), trachea (22%), and ventriculus (6%). Transmission electron microscopy of 1 case confirmed that these organisms were<jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>sp. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cryptosporidiosis in penguins, raising concern of the potential implications for the conservation of these species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,23]],"date-time":"2020-06-23T18:31:16Z","timestamp":1592937076000},"page":"143-149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in African penguins Spheniscus demersus"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"140","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Hurtado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Table View, Cape Town 7441, South Africa"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Marine Animals (IPRAM), Cariacica, Esp\u00edrito Santo 29140-130, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"NJ","family":"Parsons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Table View, Cape Town 7441, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TA","family":"Gous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent researcher, Helderberg, Cape Town 7130, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sv","family":"der Spuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Table View, Cape Town 7441, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Klusener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Table View, Cape Town 7441, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Stander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB), Table View, Cape Town 7441, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"van Wilpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Microscopy & Microanalysis, Faculty of Natural & Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RET","family":"Vanstreels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Apex Predator Research Unit (MAPRU), Institute for Coastal and Marine Research, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape 6031, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","unstructured":"Bellizzi M, Duerr RS (2013) Northern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) rehabilitation during \u2018wrecks\u2019 in California. 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