{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T17:04:13Z","timestamp":1769015053137,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/journals\/terms-of-use\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic phaeohyphomycosis, aka \u2018fluid belly\u2019, is one of the most important emergent diseases in sturgeon <jats:italic>Acipenser<\/jats:italic> spp. aquaculture. The etiologic agent is the saprobic, dematiaceous fungus <jats:italic>Veronaea botryosa<\/jats:italic>. Effective vaccines and chemotherapeutic treatments are currently unavailable. Additionally, the fungus is a slow-growing organism, taking from 10-15 d for colonies to be observed in agar media. To this end, a specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting the <jats:italic>V. botryosa<\/jats:italic> \u03b2-tubulin gene was developed and validated. The specificity of the assay to <jats:italic>V. botryosa<\/jats:italic> was initially confirmed <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> against common fungal fish pathogens, including closely related members of the order Chaetothyriales (<jats:italic>Exophiala<\/jats:italic> spp.) and other black pigmented fungi (<jats:italic>Alternaria<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Cladosporium<\/jats:italic> spp.), as well as tissues from uninfected sturgeon. The assay possessed high clinical specificity (100%) and clinical sensitivity (74%) in detecting <jats:italic>V. botryosa<\/jats:italic> DNA in splenic tissues from laboratory-infected sturgeon. Using <jats:italic>V. botryosa<\/jats:italic> genomic DNA as a template, the limit of detection was equivalent to 10 conidia, and the method was found suitable for the detection of fungal DNA in fresh and formalin-fixed tissues. In addition, the presence of non-target DNA from white sturgeon did not influence assay sensitivity. The developed qPCR assay is a sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic method for the detection and quantification of <jats:italic>V. botryosa<\/jats:italic> DNA from white sturgeon tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T08:03:33Z","timestamp":1611734613000},"page":"175-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Quantitative PCR for detection and quantification of Veronaea botryosa in fish and environmental samples"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Z","family":"Yazdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MJ","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Pierezan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31279-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Eetemadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Soto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-5270, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A%3A1007312524792"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2003)015%3C0080%3AARPCRA%3E2.0.CO%3B2"},{"key":"Ref3","unstructured":"Bramwell NH, Burns BF (1988) The effects of fixative type and fixation time on the quantity and quality of extractable DNA for hybridization studies on lymphoid tissue. 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