{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:08:45Z","timestamp":1790208525556,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634774400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptococcus gattii is a fungal pathogen that primarily affects the respiratory and nervous systems of humans and other animals. C. gattii emerged in temperate North America in 1999 as a multispecies outbreak of cryptococcosis in British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State and Oregon (USA), affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. Here we describe the C. gattii epizootic in odontocetes. Cases of C. gattii were identified in 42 odontocetes in Washington and British Columbia between 1997 and 2016. Species affected included harbor porpoises Phocoena phocoena (n = 26), Dall\u2019s porpoises Phocoenoides dalli (n = 14), and Pacific white-sided dolphins Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (n = 2). The probable index case was identified in an adult male Dall\u2019s porpoise in 1997, 2 yr prior to the initial terrestrial outbreak. The spatiotemporal extent of the C. gattii epizootic was defined, and cases in odontocetes were found to be clustered around terrestrial C. gattii hotspots. Case-control analyses with stranded, uninfected odontocetes revealed that risk factors for infection were species (Dall\u2019s porpoises), age class (adult animals), and season (winter). This study suggests that mycoses are an emerging source of mortality for odontocetes, and that outbreaks may be associated with anthropogenic environmental disturbance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T13:07:10Z","timestamp":1630328830000},"page":"129-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Epizootiology of a Cryptococcus gattii outbreak in porpoises and dolphins from the Salish Sea"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"146","author":[{"given":"SJ","family":"Teman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The SeaDoc Society, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center - Orcas Island Office, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Eastsound, WA 98245, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JK","family":"Gaydos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The SeaDoc Society, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center - Orcas Island Office, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Eastsound, WA 98245, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SA","family":"Norman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine-Med: Marine Research, Epidemiology, and Veterinary Medicine, Bothell, WA 98021, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JL","family":"Huggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA 98501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DM","family":"Lambourn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Investigations, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Lakewood, WA 98498, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Calambokidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, WA 98501, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JKB","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC V9T 6N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MB","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Haulena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vancouver Aquarium, Vancouver, BC V6G 3E2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Zabek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Foods and Fisheries, Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Cottrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Vancouver, BC V6C 3S4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Morshed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BC Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MM","family":"Garner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest ZooPath, Monroe, WA 98272, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Raverty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture, Foods and Fisheries, Abbotsford, BC V3G 2M3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myx037"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2019.12.002"},{"key":"Ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.00319"},{"key":"Ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2003.131230"},{"key":"Ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.2.4.354-358.1975"},{"key":"Ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115866"},{"key":"Ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597306"},{"key":"Ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000850"},{"key":"Ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1906.130006"},{"key":"Ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00126-13"},{"key":"Ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/675213"},{"key":"Ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen JM, Sauer EL, Santiago O, Spencer S, Rohr JR (2020) Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates. 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