{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T20:26:52Z","timestamp":1781900812899,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/journals\/terms-of-use\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis and brucellosis are zoonotic diseases with global distributions that represent severe hazards to humans and animals. We investigated exposure to <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. in samples from Amazonian manatees <jats:italic>Trichechus inunguis<\/jats:italic>, Amazon river dolphins <jats:italic>Inia geoffrensis<\/jats:italic>, and a tucuxi <jats:italic>Sotalia fluviatilis<\/jats:italic>. The animals were free-ranging or undergoing <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> rehabilitation in the mid-Solim\u00f5es River region, Brazilian Amazon. Serum samples from 19 Amazonian manatees were tested by microscopic agglutination test, Rose Bengal test, and 2-mercaptoethanol <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> agglutination test. Antibodies against <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. were detected in 63% of the manatees tested and serovar Patoc was considered the infecting serovar in all positive samples. Titers were generally low, indicating chronic exposure, but higher titers indicative of an active infection were detected in 3 animals. Anti-<jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. antibodies were not detected. Tissue and\/or body fluid samples from 12 Amazon river dolphins, a tucuxi, and 2 Amazonian manatees were investigated by multiplex PCR and bacteriology for <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> spp. and <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. All samples were negative. However, <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> was isolated from uterine fluid, lymph node, and lung of 3 Amazon river dolphins. <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> spp. were isolated from milk and synovial fluid from 2 Amazon river dolphins and from a milk sample from 1 Amazonian manatee. Knowledge of the pathogens present in Amazonian manatees, Amazon river dolphins, and tucuxis is of great relevance to species conservation and environmental health. Although no clinical signs were noted, further research is needed to elucidate the clinical relevance of infection by <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> sp. serovar Patoc in Amazonian aquatic mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]],"date-time":"2022-04-04T11:53:34Z","timestamp":1649073214000},"page":"17-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Survey for Leptospira and Brucella in Amazonian manatees, Amazon river dolphins, and a tucuxi in the Brazilian Amazon"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"150","author":[{"given":"TCS","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38400-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Mamirau\u00e1 Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tef\u00e9, AM 69553-225, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALQ","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ES","family":"Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo (IB), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 125204014-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RM","family":"Piatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo (IB), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 125204014-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biological Institute of S\u00e3o Paulo (IB), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 125204014-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ABG","family":"Buiatte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AMC","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia (UFU), Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38400-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Marmontel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mamirau\u00e1 Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tef\u00e9, AM 69553-225, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.012"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0033"},{"key":"Ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-736X2006000200007"},{"key":"Ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822007000100019"},{"key":"Ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2008.26685"},{"key":"Ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1808-1657v77p5292010"},{"key":"Ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-05-102"},{"key":"Ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2009.00655.x"},{"key":"Ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-03-050"},{"key":"Ref10","unstructured":"Baily GG, Krahn JB, Drasar BS, Stoker NG (1992) Detection of Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus by DNA amplification. J Trop Med Hyg 95:271-275"},{"key":"Ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2"},{"key":"Ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420041637.ch43"},{"key":"Ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbe.2.544.1"},{"key":"Ref14","unstructured":"Brazilian Government (1995) Programa Nacional de Leptospirose, Manual de Leptospirose, 2nd edn. Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia, Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Controle de Zoonoses e Animais Pe\u00e7onhentos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Nacional de Sa\u00fade, Brasilia"},{"key":"Ref15","unstructured":"Brazilian Government (2006) Manual T\u00e9cnico do Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradica\u00e7\u00e3o da Brucelose e Tuberculose. Minist\u00e9rio da Agricultura, Pecu\u00e1ria e Abastecimento, Secretaria de Defesa Agropecu\u00e1ria, Departamento de Defesa Animal Bras\u00edlia"},{"key":"Ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.14295"},{"key":"Ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-23.3.488"},{"key":"Ref18","unstructured":"Calvimontes JM (2009) Etnoconocimiento uso y conservaci\u00f3n del manat\u00ed amaz\u00f3nico Trichechus inunguis en la Reserva de Desarrollo Sostenible Aman\u00e3 Brasil. MSc thesis, Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina, Lima"},{"key":"Ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02022-07"},{"key":"Ref20","unstructured":"Carvalho MR, Moln\u00e1r L, Moln\u00e1r E, Dias HL, Lima ESC (2000) Ocorr\u00eancia da Brucella canis e Brucella abortus em c\u00e3es criados no Estado do Par\u00e1. Agraria 34:69-76"},{"key":"Ref21","unstructured":"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) (1997) Case definitions for public health surveillance. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 46(RR-10):49"},{"key":"Ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005228"},{"key":"Ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12201"},{"key":"Ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/97223pf01"},{"key":"Ref25","unstructured":"Corbel MJ (2006) Brucellosis in humans and animals. WHO, Geneva. https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/43597\/WHO_CDS_EPR_2006.7_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"Ref26","unstructured":"Corr\u00eaa MOA, Natale V, Sadatsune T, Fleury GC (1970) O valor do uso da Leptospira semaranga Patoc I no diagn\u00f3stico das leptospiroses humanas. Rev Inst Med Trop S\u00e3o Paulo 12:284-287"},{"key":"Ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2001.tb13025.x"},{"key":"Ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.731"},{"key":"Ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.01.018"},{"key":"Ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5597\/lajam00195"},{"key":"Ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13442"},{"key":"Ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1726-46342012000200020"},{"key":"Ref33","unstructured":"Facklam RR, Sahm DF, Teixeira LM (1999) Enterococcus. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yoken RH (eds) Manual of clinical microbiology, 7th edn. ASM Press, Washington, DC, p 297-305"},{"key":"Ref34","unstructured":"Faine S (1994) Leptospira and leptospirosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL"},{"key":"Ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050710106"},{"key":"Ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247763"},{"key":"Ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144974"},{"key":"Ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-32.4.572"},{"key":"Ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2012.00003"},{"key":"Ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03474.x"},{"key":"Ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2015v36n6Supl2p4341"},{"key":"Ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1409.071056"},{"key":"Ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.32.1.2194"},{"key":"Ref44","unstructured":"Higgins R (2000) Bacteria and fungi of marine mammals: a review. Can Vet J 41:105-116"},{"key":"Ref45","unstructured":"Higuita NIA, Huycke MM (2014) Enterococcal disease, epidemiology, and implications for treatment. In: Gilmore MS, Clewell DB, Ike Y, Shankar N (eds) Enterococci: from commensals to leading causes of drug resistant infection [Internet]. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK190424\/"},{"key":"Ref46","unstructured":"Holt JG, Krieg NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams ST (1994) Bergey\u2019s manual of determinative bacteriology, 9th edn. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD"},{"key":"Ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822001000200004"},{"key":"Ref48","unstructured":"IDF (International Dairy Federation) (2016) Bacillus cereus in milk and dairy products. IDF Factsheet. https:\/\/www.fil-idf.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Bacillus-cereus-in-Milk-and-Dairy-Products.pdf"},{"key":"Ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822012000600011"},{"key":"Ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2008.09.009"},{"key":"Ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.2461-2468.2005"},{"key":"Ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-161775-2.50037-2"},{"key":"Ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2009.0032"},{"key":"Ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006770"},{"key":"Ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001"},{"key":"Ref56","unstructured":"Machavarapu M, Poonati R, Mallepaddi PC, Gundlamadugu VV, Raghavendra S, Polavarapu KKB, Polavarapu R (2019) Endemic brucellosis in Indian animal and human populations: a billion dollar issue. Curr Trends Biotechnol Pharm 13:112-123"},{"key":"Ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99377-8"},{"key":"Ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-237"},{"key":"Ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2011-0178.1"},{"key":"Ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2005.12.003"},{"key":"Ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02986"},{"key":"Ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00680-06"},{"key":"Ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.9.2219-2224.1992"},{"key":"Ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.08.025"},{"key":"Ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.03.001"},{"key":"Ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217643"},{"key":"Ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260-44.1.35"},{"key":"Ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.4.837"},{"key":"Ref69","unstructured":"OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) (2021) Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2021. OIE, Paris. https:\/\/www.oie.int\/en\/what-we-do\/standards\/codes-and-manuals\/terrestrial-manual-online-access\/"},{"key":"Ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1809-4392201403486"},{"key":"Ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.05.197"},{"key":"Ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001607"},{"key":"Ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2016.02.071"},{"key":"Ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5433\/1679-0359.2020v41n4p1279"},{"key":"Ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00049-4"},{"key":"Ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.138.26.647"},{"key":"Ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283638104"},{"key":"Ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12696"},{"key":"Ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13203"},{"key":"Ref80","unstructured":"Scarcelli E, Piatti RM, Cardoso MV, Miyashiro S and others (2004) Detec\u00e7\u00e3o de agentes bacterianos pelas t\u00e9cnicas de isolamento e identifica\u00e7\u00e3o e PCR-Multiplex em fetos bovinos abortados. Rev Bras Reprod Anim 28:23-27"},{"key":"Ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2089-0"},{"key":"Ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00650"},{"key":"Ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.03.013"},{"key":"Ref84","unstructured":"Smith AW, Vedros NA, Gilmartin G, Akers TG (1978) Hazards of disease transfer from marine mammals to land mammals\u2014review and recent findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:1131-1133"},{"key":"Ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0904.020576"},{"key":"Ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.82378"},{"key":"Ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044517"},{"key":"Ref88","unstructured":"Thornton SM, Nolan S, Gulland FM (1998) Bacterial isolates from California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central California coast 1994-1995. J Zoo Wildl Med 29:171-176"},{"key":"Ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-35.3.511"},{"key":"Ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01492.x"},{"key":"Ref91","unstructured":"WHO (World Health Organization) (1999) Leptospirosis worldwide, 1999. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 74:237-242"},{"key":"Ref92","unstructured":"WHO (2003) Human leptospirosis: guidance of diagnosis surveillance and control. WHO, Geneva"},{"key":"Ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.12.017"}],"container-title":["Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/dao2022\/150\/d150p017.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/dao2022\/150\/d150p017.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]],"date-time":"2022-07-07T12:29:41Z","timestamp":1657196981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/dao\/v150\/p17-29\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]},"references-count":93,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/dao03667","relation":{},"ISSN":["0177-5103","1616-1580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0177-5103","type":"print"},{"value":"1616-1580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,7]]}}}