{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:35:13Z","timestamp":1790638513609,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic> is a significant threat to endangered Hawaiian wildlife including birds and marine mammals. To estimate the prevalence of <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> in stranded cetaceans from 1997 to 2021 in Hawai\u2018i, we tested tissues from 37 stranded spinner dolphins <jats:italic>Stenella longirostris<\/jats:italic> and 51 stranded individuals that represented 18 other cetacean species. DNA from cetacean tissue extracts were screened using a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the Toxoplasmatinae internal transcribed spacer 1 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA. A positive result was obtained in 9 tissues examined for each of 2 spinner dolphins out of 525 tissue samples analyzed by PCR. The PCR-positive spinner dolphins had disseminated acute toxoplasmosis with necrosis, inflammation, and intralesional protozoal cysts and tachyzoites in multiple organs. Discrete positive immunostaining for <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> was observed in all tissues tested including the adrenal gland, brain, liver, and lung. Both positive spinner dolphins were negative for cetacean morbillivirus. The <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> genotyping was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) based on 10 genetic markers. The PCR-RFLP analysis revealed the <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> belonged to PCR-RFLP-ToxoDB genotype #24, previously detected in wild pig <jats:italic>Sus scrofa<\/jats:italic> in O\u2018ahu, bobcats <jats:italic>Lynx rufus<\/jats:italic> from Mississippi, USA, and chickens <jats:italic>Gallus gallus<\/jats:italic> from Costa Rica and Brazil. These cases represent the first report of this genotype in aquatic mammals and the second and third reports of fatal disseminated <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic> infection in stranded spinner dolphins from Hawai\u2018i. Nearshore species, like spinner dolphins, may be at increased risk of mortality from this parasite in marine coastal waterways via sewage systems, storm water drainage, and freshwater runoff.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T10:14:53Z","timestamp":1665396893000},"page":"27-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence and genotype of Toxoplasma gondii in stranded Hawaiian cetaceans"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Landrau-Giovannetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TB","family":"Waltzek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"L\u00f3pez-Orozco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica de Pereira, Risaralda 660003, Colombia"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Rotstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Pathology Services, Olney, MD 20832, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dolphin Quest, Honolulu, HI 96816, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TCS","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Silva-Krott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawai\u2018i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, K\u0101ne\u2018ohe, HI 96744, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Humann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawai\u2018i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, K\u0101ne\u2018ohe, HI 96744, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hawai\u2018i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai\u2018i at M\u0101noa, K\u0101ne\u2018ohe, HI 96744, USA"},{"name":"Human Nutrition Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063074017060037"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baird RW (2016) The lives of Hawai\u2018i\u2019s whales and dolphins: natural history and conservation. 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