{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T19:50:44Z","timestamp":1778442644703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The amphibian chytrid fungus <jats:italic>(Bd)<\/jats:italic> has caused declines and some extinctions of amphibian populations worldwide. Early and accurate <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic> detection is essential for management of susceptible anurans. We analyzed the effectiveness of <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic> DNA extraction with a handheld mobile quantitative PCR (qPCR) thermocycler to detect <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic> on frog skin swabs and in water samples using environmental DNA (eDNA). We collected duplicate eDNA samples and skin swabs from 3 <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic>-positive <jats:italic>Rana sierrae<\/jats:italic> populations. We processed one set of samples using a field protocol (a handheld thermocycler) and the other half using a standard lab protocol. We detected <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic> DNA in all <jats:italic>R. sierrae<\/jats:italic> swabbed using both the field and lab protocols. We also detected <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic> DNA in eDNA samples at all sites, although the field and lab protocols failed to detect <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic> eDNA at separate singular sites; results from the field and lab eDNA protocol did not match. The probability of detecting <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic> DNA in the technical replicates was lower for the field protocol than the lab protocol, suggesting the field protocol has lower sensitivity and may not detect low quantities of DNA. Our results suggest that the field extraction protocol using a handheld qPCR platform is a promising tool for rapid detection of <jats:italic>Bd<\/jats:italic> in susceptible amphibian populations, yielding accurate results in less than 60 min. However, the applied field protocol may be prone to false negatives when analyzing low-quantity DNA samples such as eDNA water samples or frog swabs with low pathogen loads.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T09:40:31Z","timestamp":1667468431000},"page":"99-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Rapid detection of amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis using in situ DNA extraction and a handheld mobile thermocycler"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"152","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Kamoroff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Resources Management and Science, Yosemite National Park, CA 95318, USA"},{"name":"Stillwater Science, Davis, CA 95618, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"CS","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RL","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Resources Management and Science, Yosemite National Park, CA 95318, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.15.9031"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao060141"},{"key":"Ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.1993.740882.x"},{"key":"Ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106790"},{"key":"Ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12735"},{"key":"Ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6750-6-33"},{"key":"Ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1643\/0045-8511(2001)001[0945:OCITMY]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"Ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0335-x"},{"key":"Ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10947"},{"key":"Ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022746"},{"key":"Ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1899\/13-046.1"},{"key":"Ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12595"},{"key":"Ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2009.27"},{"key":"Ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121655"},{"key":"Ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao02423"},{"key":"Ref16","unstructured":"IUCN (2020) IUCN Red List of Threatened Species v.2020-1. https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 30 April 2013)"},{"key":"Ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-263X.2010.00158.x"},{"key":"Ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao057255"},{"key":"Ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03183"},{"key":"Ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-019-02116-4"},{"key":"Ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao01831"},{"key":"Ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1739.2000.99099.x"},{"key":"Ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1600983113"},{"key":"Ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00275514.1999.12061011"},{"key":"Ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10201-015-0457-4"},{"key":"Ref26","unstructured":"R Core Team (2019) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. 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