{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T16:53:34Z","timestamp":1746809614611,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cold stress is the leading cause of mortality in West Indian manatees <jats:italic>Trichechus manatus<\/jats:italic> in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico. This report describes an adult male manatee that stranded alive with signs of cold stress in Alabama (USA) waters in January 2022 and died during the rescue intervention. Postmortem examination and histopathologic review revealed multiple contributors to death. While the animal had evidence of cold stress syndrome, there was aortic stenosis and concentric left ventricular hypertrophy as well as an esophageal foreign body (plastic bag). Main findings from blood analysis indicated systemic inflammation and possible disseminated intravascular coagulation. Histopathologic findings from the cardiovascular system included aortic fibromuscular dysplasia, mitral and tricuspid valve endocardiosis, left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy, and right myocardial atrophy. A cause of the cardiovascular findings was not determined. This report is the first to document a case of cold stress syndrome complicated by aortic stenosis and esophageal occlusion in this species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T07:51:38Z","timestamp":1727682698000},"page":"57-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cold stress, heart failure, and esophageal occlusion cause the death of a West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in Alabama, USA"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"JL","family":"Western","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA"},{"name":"Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, USA"},{"name":"Janet L. Swanson Wildlife Hospital, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"EE","family":"Hieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"ML","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C","family":"D\u00edaz Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA"},{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, FWRI Marine Mammal Pathobiology Lab, St. Petersburg, Florida 33711, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"DS","family":"Rotstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Pathology Services, Olney, Maryland 20830, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SM","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi Aquarium, Gulfport, Mississippi 39501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Ingrisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mississippi Aquarium, Gulfport, Mississippi 39501, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"RH","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA"},{"name":"University of South Alabama, Stokes School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"NI","family":"Stacy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32608, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JCG","family":"Bloodgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Research Program, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama 36528, USA"},{"name":"Cornell Wildlife Health Lab, Department of Public and Ecosystem Health, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-016-0753-6"},{"key":"Ref2","unstructured":"Balik SE, Smith LN, Estrada AH, de Wit M and others (2021) Endocardiosis and left-sided heart failure in a Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris). In: Proc 53rd Am Assoc Zoo Vet Annu Conf. AAZV, Jacksonville, FL, p 158-159. https:\/\/www.aazv.org\/page\/2021AAZVConference"},{"key":"Ref3","unstructured":"Baradhi KM, Bream P (2023) Fibromuscular dysplasia. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island, FL"},{"key":"Ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0050.1"},{"key":"Ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-326X(91)90406-I"},{"key":"Ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1578\/016754203101024031"},{"key":"Ref7","unstructured":"Buergelt CD, Bonde RK, Beck CA, O\u2019Shea TJ (1990) Myxomatous transformation of heart valves in Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris). 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Charles Louis Davis DVM Foundation, Ithaca, NY"},{"key":"Ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zoo.20150"},{"key":"Ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03306"},{"key":"Ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore DP, Williams EH Jr, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Bunkley-Williams L, Tippett FE, Montoya RA (2008) Acute myocarditis in a West Indian manatee, Trichechus manatus (Sirenia: Trichechidae), from Puerto Rico. 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