{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T06:25:19Z","timestamp":1787984719176,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/journals\/terms-of-use\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gas-bubble disease (GBD)\u2014a non-infectious disease in aquatic organisms caused by supersaturated levels of total dissolved gases (oxygen and nitrogen) in water\u2014is well known in various species, including fish and amphibians, but has not previously been reported in giant salamanders. In the present study, macroscopic and histopathological examinations of 2 mature <jats:italic>Andrias<\/jats:italic> spp. (kept with 293 fish in an aquarium) were performed to characterize GBD pathology. Bubbles developed on the body surfaces of the salamanders and fish, with erythema specifically noted in the salamanders. Within 3 d of the bubbles appearing, both salamanders and more than 270 fish had died. On Days 1 and 2, dissolved oxygen levels were 75.5 and 86.9%, respectively, while dissolved nitrogen gas levels were 90.6 and 103.1%, respectively. The 2 salamanders exhibited identical lesions characterized by erythema, congestion, and numerous bubbles in the major veins of the body cavity. Histopathologically, congestion and gas embolism-like dilatations were observed in the small vessels and capillaries. These lesions were found in the parenchymal and gastrointestinal organs, skin, eyeballs, and surrounding stromal tissue. Based on these findings and that GBD occurs at dissolved nitrogen gas and oxygen levels above 120 and 200%, respectively, the salamanders were diagnosed with nitrogen GBD. The exact etiology of this disease remains unconfirmed but likely involves circulatory system dysfunction within the aquarium environment, highlighting the importance of routine inspections and maintenance of equipment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T14:17:46Z","timestamp":1729520266000},"page":"95-100","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Nitrogen gas-bubble disease in two giant salamanders"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"S","family":"Kadekaru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-0054, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-0054, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R","family":"Toriyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exhibits and Husbandry Department, Kyoto Aquarium, 35-1 Kankijicho, Shimogyoku, Kyoto 600-8835, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Kawasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exhibits and Husbandry Department, Kyoto Aquarium, 35-1 Kankijicho, Shimogyoku, Kyoto 600-8835, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Ishisaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exhibits and Husbandry Department, Kyoto Aquarium, 35-1 Kankijicho, Shimogyoku, Kyoto 600-8835, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Une","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoino-oka, Imabari, Ehime 794-0054, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"Ref1","unstructured":"Agency for Cultural Affairs, Government of Japan (1997) Giant salamander. 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Stud Fish Dis 4:59-69 (in Japanese)","DOI":"10.3147\/jsfp.4.59"},{"key":"Ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.05.001"},{"key":"Ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.11.012"},{"key":"Ref9","unstructured":"Harshbarger JC, Trauth SE (2002) Squamous cell carcinoma upgrade of the epidermal papilloma reported in an Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi). In: McKinnell RG, Carlson DL (eds) Proceeding of the Sixth International Symposium on the Pathology of Reptiles and Amphibians, Saint Paul, MN, p 43-48"},{"key":"Ref10","unstructured":"IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2022) Andrias japonicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022:e.T1273A177177761"},{"key":"Ref11","unstructured":"Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums (2020) Guideline of keeping of Japanese giant salamander, Andrias japonicus (in Japanese). https:\/\/www.jaza.jp\/assets\/document\/about-jaza\/guideline2020\/guideline2020-11-01.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023)"},{"key":"Ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03627"},{"key":"Ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.11-0477"},{"key":"Ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(74)90021-0"},{"key":"Ref15","unstructured":"Meyers T, Burton T, Bentz C, Ferguson J, Stewart D, Starkey N (2019) Diseases of wild and cultured fishes in Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Fish Pathology Laboratories, Anchorage, AK. https:\/\/www.adfg.alaska.gov\/static\/species\/disease\/pdfs\/fish_disease_book.pdf (accessed 28 November 2023)"},{"key":"Ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12684"},{"key":"Ref17","unstructured":"Tsai JY, Felt SA, Bouley DM, Green SL (2017) Acute and chronic outcomes of gas-bubble disease in a colony of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis). Comp Med 67:4-10"},{"key":"Ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30466\/vrf.2021.138797.3086"}],"container-title":["Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/dao2024\/160\/d160p095.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/dao2024\/160\/d160p095.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T12:42:58Z","timestamp":1732797778000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/dao\/v160\/p95-100\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]},"references-count":18,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/dao03829","relation":{},"ISSN":["0177-5103","1616-1580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0177-5103","type":"print"},{"value":"1616-1580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]]}}}