{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T12:40:05Z","timestamp":1785328805903,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/journals\/terms-of-use\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Disease outbreaks among shellfish cause significant declines in both wild fisheries and aquaculture production globally. In Aotearoa New Zealand, a long history of flat oyster infections by the haplosporidian parasite <jats:italic>Bonamia exitiosa<\/jats:italic> has influenced fishery dynamics in the Foveaux Strait. <jats:italic>B. ostreae<\/jats:italic>, which causes high host mortality, was detected in both wild and farmed oysters in the Marlborough Sounds in 2015 and at Stewart Island in 2017, prompting the development of rapid diagnostic tests with high sensitivity and specificity that can be used to simultaneously monitor both <jats:italic>Bonamia<\/jats:italic> species. Separate molecular diagnostic assays were developed for <jats:italic>B. exitiosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. ostreae<\/jats:italic> using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Analytical tests indicated both assays were specific and had limits of detection below 0.4 copies \u00b5l<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>. Estimates of diagnostic performance used latent class analysis conducted on comparisons with previously established test methods. Both ddPCR assays had a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity equal to or greater than tests based on qPCR, end-point PCR, histopathology and heart imprints, validating their use for fishery health assessment and biosecurity monitoring. The new ddPCR assays are preferred over other methods in situations where high throughput and analytic and diagnostic performance are essential, as seen in New Zealand where 2 <jats:italic>Bonamia<\/jats:italic> species are sympatric in some regions and may co-infect a single host. Furthermore, the new assays could be adapted for eDNA-based surveillance and combined with other pathogen assays for multiplex assays, enabling further research into <jats:italic>Bonamia<\/jats:italic> lifecycles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T12:52:17Z","timestamp":1742215937000},"page":"51-70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic detection and discrimination of closely related oyster pathogens for biosecurity and shellfish stock management"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"162","author":[{"given":"JP","family":"Bilewitch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington 6021, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HS","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington 6021, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KH","family":"Wiltshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Australian Research and Development Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MR","family":"Deveney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, Adelaide, South Australia 5950, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AR","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington 6021, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KP","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington 6021, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2007.11.037"},{"key":"Ref2","unstructured":"Anderson O, Sutherland J, Hulston D, Forman J, Michael K (2016) Monitoring Bonamia ostreae infection in dredge oysters (Ostrea chilensis): Progress report: May 2016. 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