{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T20:20:36Z","timestamp":1779222036600,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/for-librarians\/reader-subscriber-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dis. Aquat. Org."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Domoic acid (DA) is a naturally occurring amino acid structurally analogous to kainic acid (KA). DA, a neurotoxin commonly associated with toxigenic <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> species, enters the food chain via filter feeders and poses a potential threat to predators such as sea stars. To assess the presence of DA, wild-collected sea stars (<jats:italic>Pisaster ochraceus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Asterias<\/jats:italic> spp.) were analyzed for DA. Although there were no signs of a recent <jats:italic>Pseudo-nitzschia<\/jats:italic> bloom prior to collection, both species had low levels of detectable DA, primarily concentrated in the pyloric caeca. DA concentrations in <jats:italic>P. ochraceus<\/jats:italic> tissues ranged from 0 to 1033 ng g<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> tissue, averaging (\u00b1SE) 614 \u00b1 93 ng g<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> in pyloric caeca, and were negatively correlated with body mass. DA concentrations in <jats:italic>Asterias<\/jats:italic> spp. averaged 123 \u00b1 34 ng g<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> in pyloric caeca. Subsequently, to assess neurotoxic impacts\u2014behaviorally and physiologically\u2014we challenged <jats:italic>Asterias<\/jats:italic> spp. with KA, as a stand-in for DA, using intraperitoneal injections of 0, 3, or 30 \u03bcg KA g<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> body mass. Immediately following exposure, 11 out of 12 sea stars injected with 30 \u03bcg KA g<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup> failed to right themselves within 30 min and their arm circumference was reduced by 19.7 \u00b1 3.5%. Righting time, but not arm circumference, recovered within 2 d. We hypothesize that these responses precipitated from KA binding to glutamate receptors in the mutable collagenous tissue. These findings reveal that DA accumulates in sea star tissues, and that KA can cause significant yet reversible behavioral changes, raising concerns about the impact of repeated, long-term, or higher-dose exposures of wild sea stars to these neurotoxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T06:24:59Z","timestamp":1751437499000},"page":"95-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Marine and synthetic glutamatergic neurotoxins accumulate in and immobilize intertidal sea stars"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"163","author":[{"given":"Dennie","family":"Truong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reyn M.","family":"Yoshioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4075-6262","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carmen","family":"Cartisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline L.","family":"Padilla-Gami\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3381-6415","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maya L.","family":"Groner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110698"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marenvres.2011.07.006"},{"key":"Ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2018.06.001"},{"key":"Ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12333"},{"key":"Ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2006.05.005"},{"key":"Ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01076895"},{"key":"Ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188523"},{"key":"Ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b713101a"},{"key":"Ref9","unstructured":"Chia FS, Xing J (1996) Echinoderm coelomocytes. 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