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Org."],"accepted":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We tested the antiviral activity of aqueous extract of star anise\n                    <jats:italic>Illicium verum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (AEIV) against striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV)\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    as well as\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    using the Sahul Indian Seabass Spleen (SISS) cell line and Asian seabass\n                    <jats:italic>Lates calcarifer<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Preliminary results from GC-MS profiling and polyphenol content estimation of AEIV revealed the antiviral potential of the extract. Before testing the compound, the extract was assessed for its toxic potential in an\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    model (SISS cell line) using 4 different concentrations (50, 75, 100 and 200 \u00b5g ml\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) of AEIV through MTT and neutral red assays. The tested concentrations were not toxic (\u226590% survival). Subsequently, the same concentrations of AEIV were tested for their antiviral potential against SJNNV in SISS cells. The results showed that AEIV at higher concentration (100 and 200 \u00b5g ml\n                    <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) effectively inhibited SJNNV replication in the SISS cells. RT-PCR and qPCR confirmed the inhibition of the virus. The same concentrations were then used to evaluate their antiviral efficacy\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    by intraperitoneal injection in Asian seabass. We observed 100% mortality only in the fish injected with SJNNV (control), which confirms that AEIV possesses the potency to control the replication of SJNNV under both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    conditions. The present study indicates that medication with plant extracts having antiviral activity could be a potentially beneficial alternative to the usage of chemotherapeutics in aquaculture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/dao03869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T15:12:25Z","timestamp":1755529945000},"page":"91-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antiviral potential of aqueous extract of star anise Illicium verum against fish nodavirus"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Mohiadeen  Shajia","family":"Banu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selvam","family":"Suryakodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ratan  Kumar","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sivaraj","family":"Mithra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seepoo Abdul","family":"Majeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gani","family":"Taju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azeez Sait Sahul","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himadri","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1913","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2016-0427"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4594635"},{"key":"Ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090473"},{"key":"Ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(96)00004-X"},{"key":"Ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2015.08.017"},{"key":"Ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111596"},{"key":"Ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2006.09.037"},{"key":"Ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2009.01037.x"},{"key":"Ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-5131.2011.01048.x"},{"key":"Ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12021"},{"key":"Ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang C, Yang M, Wen H, Chern J (2002) Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. 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