{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T23:46:42Z","timestamp":1774482402553,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,13]]},"DOI":"10.3354\/meps09516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,9]],"date-time":"2011-12-09T13:18:32Z","timestamp":1323436712000},"page":"289-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Importance of fast ice and glacier fronts for female polar bears and their cubs during spring in Svalbard, Norway"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"447","author":[{"given":"C","family":"Freitas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"KM","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"J","family":"Aars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"S","family":"Sandven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"M","family":"Skern-Mauritzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"O","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C","family":"Lydersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-009-0721-3"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aars J, Lunn NJ, Derocher AE (2006) Polar bears\u2014Proc 14th Working Meeting of the IUCN\/SSC Polar Bear Specialists Group, 20-24 June 2005, Seattle, WA. Occasional Paper 32. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Species Survival Commission, Gland","DOI":"10.2305\/IUCN.CH.1999.SSC-AP.7.en"},{"key":"Ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3809542"},{"key":"Ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z00-016"},{"key":"Ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09653"},{"key":"Ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-008-0428-x"},{"key":"Ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen M, Derocher AE, Wiig \u00d8, Aars J (2011) Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) maternity den distribution in Svalbard, Norway. Polar Biol (in press) doi:10.1007\/s00300-011-1094-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-011-1094-y"},{"key":"Ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2265671"},{"key":"Ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2390145"},{"key":"Ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2269574"},{"key":"Ref11","unstructured":"Blaszczyk M, Jania JA, Hagen JO (2009) Tidewater glaciers of Svalbard: recent changes and estimates of calving fluxes. Pol Polar Res 30:85-142"},{"key":"Ref12","unstructured":"Blix AS, Lentfer JW (1979) Modes of thermal protection in polar bear cubs\u2014at birth and on emergence from the den. Am J Physiol 236:R67-R74"},{"key":"Ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo467"},{"key":"Ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(96)00072-3"},{"key":"Ref15","unstructured":"Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY"},{"key":"Ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.03.017"},{"key":"Ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015650"},{"key":"Ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031972"},{"key":"Ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derocher AE, Stirling I (1990) Distribution of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) during the ice-free period in western Hudson Bay. Can J Zool 68:1395\u20131403","DOI":"10.1139\/z90-208"},{"key":"Ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derocher AE, Wiig \u00d8 (1999) Infanticide and cannibalism of juvenile polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in Svalbard. Arctic 52:307-310","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic936"},{"key":"Ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derocher AE, Wiig \u00d8, Andersen M (2002) Diet composition of polar bears in Svalbard and the western Barents Sea. Polar Biol 25:448-452","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-002-0364-0"},{"key":"Ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.2.163"},{"key":"Ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-010-0909-0"},{"key":"Ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-2089.1"},{"key":"Ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-010-0953-2"},{"key":"Ref26","unstructured":"Eastwood S (2011) Sea ice product manual, version 3.7. Ocean & Sea Ice SAF. Available at http:\/\/saf.met.no\/docs\/osisaf_ss2_pum_ice-conc-edge-type_v3p7.pdf"},{"key":"Ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2003)084[0282:UFPTIT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"Ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-006-0463-7"},{"key":"Ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z97-785"},{"key":"Ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.1999.00090.x"},{"key":"Ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2000)081[0761:IOSIDO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"Ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2000)081<1118:RBDOPB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"Ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferguson SH, Taylor MK, Born EW, Rosing-Asvid A, Messier F (2001) Activity and movement patterns of polar bears inhabiting consolidated versus active pack ice. Arctic 54:49-54","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic763"},{"key":"Ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freitas C, Kovacs KM, Lydersen C, Ims RA (2008) A novel method for quantifying habitat selection and predicting habitat use. J Appl Ecol 45:1213-1220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2008.01505.x"},{"key":"Ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z96-100"},{"key":"Ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haarpaintner J, Haugan PM, Gascard JC (2001) Interannual variability of the Storfjorden (Svalbard) ice cover and ice production observed by ERS-2 SAR. In: Jeffries MO, Eicken H (eds) Annals of glaciology, Vol 33. International Glaciological Society, Cambridge, p 430-436","DOI":"10.3189\/172756401781818392"},{"key":"Ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1994.tb00446.x"},{"key":"Ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hausfater G, Hrdy SB (1984) Infanticide: comparative and evolutionary perspectives. Aldine Publishing Company, New York, NY","DOI":"10.1086\/203169"},{"key":"Ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028024"},{"key":"Ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.2009.00133.x"},{"key":"Ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-1641.1"},{"key":"Ref42","unstructured":"IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007) IPCC WGI Assessment Report. IPCC Secretariat, Geneva"},{"key":"Ref43","unstructured":"Isaksen K, Wiig \u00d8 (1995) Seasonal distribution of harbour seals, bearded seals, white whales and polar bears in the Barents Sea. Nor Polarinst Meddel 136:47-59"},{"key":"Ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f85-147"},{"key":"Ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps335199"},{"key":"Ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005312"},{"key":"Ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lentfer JW (1983) Alaskan polar bear movements from mark and recovery. Arctic 36:282-288","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic2277"},{"key":"Ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3587.1"},{"key":"Ref49","unstructured":"L\u00f8n\u00f8 O (1970) The polar bear (Ursus maritimus Phipps) in the Svalbard area. Norsk Polarinst Skr 149:1\u201315"},{"key":"Ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lydersen C (1998) Status and biology of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Svalbard. NAMMCO Sci Pub 1:46\u201362","DOI":"10.7557\/3.2980"},{"key":"Ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lydersen C, Ryg M (1991) Evaluating breeding habitat and populations of ringed seals Phoca hispida in Svalbard fjords. Polar Rec 27:222-228","DOI":"10.1017\/S0032247400012614"},{"key":"Ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL032043"},{"key":"Ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z01-126"},{"key":"Ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.12056.x"},{"key":"Ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1992.tb03835.x"},{"key":"Ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382563"},{"key":"Ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2421652"},{"key":"Ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.04.004"},{"key":"Ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL031138"},{"key":"Ref60","unstructured":"R Development Core Team (2010) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna. www.r-project.org"},{"key":"Ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z86-329"},{"key":"Ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1988.tb03762.x"},{"key":"Ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/2006-180"},{"key":"Ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2009.01603.x"},{"key":"Ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-1036.1"},{"key":"Ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosing-Asvid A, Born EW, Kingsley MCS (2002) Age at sexual maturity of males and timing of the mating season of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in Greenland. Polar Biol 25:878-883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-002-0430-7"},{"key":"Ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139426"},{"key":"Ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002384"},{"key":"Ref69","unstructured":"Smedrud LH, Budgell WP, Jenskins AD, \u00c5dlandsvik B (2006) Fine-scale sea-ice modelling of the Storfjorden polynya, Svalbard. Ann Glaciol 44:1-7"},{"key":"Ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z80-302"},{"key":"Ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1991.tb00676.x"},{"key":"Ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z75-155"},{"key":"Ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(96)00054-1"},{"key":"Ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stirling I (2002) Polar bears and seals in the eastern Beaufort Sea and Amundsen Gulf: a synthesis of population trends and ecological relationships over three decades. Arctic 55:59-76","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic735"},{"key":"Ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f77-169"},{"key":"Ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stirling I, Derocher AE (1993) Possible impacts of climatic warming on polar bears. Arctic 46:240-245","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic1348"},{"key":"Ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z75-117"},{"key":"Ref78","unstructured":"Stirling I, Parkinson CL (2006) Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 59:261-275"},{"key":"Ref79","unstructured":"Stirling I, Jonkel C, Smith P, Robertson R (1977) The ecology of the polar bear (Ursus maritimus) along the western coast of Hudson Bay. Occas Pap Can Wildl Serv 33:1-64"},{"key":"Ref80","unstructured":"Stirling I, Calvert W, Andriashek D (1980) Population ecology studies of the polar bear in the area of southeastern Baffin Island. Occas Pap Can Wildl Serv 44: 1-30"},{"key":"Ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stirling I, Spencer C, Andriashek D (1989) Immobilization of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) with Telazol in the Canadian Arctic. J Wildl Dis 25:159-168","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-25.2.159"},{"key":"Ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0032247400023172"},{"key":"Ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stirling I, Lunn NJ, Iacozza J (1999) Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change. Arctic 52:294-306","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic935"},{"key":"Ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stirling I, Lunn NJ, Iacozza J, Elliott C, Obbard M (2004) Polar bear distribution and abundance on the southwestern Hudson Bay coast during open water season, in relation to population trends and annual ice patterns. Arctic 57:15-26","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic479"},{"key":"Ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0032247407246170"},{"key":"Ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL021810"},{"key":"Ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL029703"},{"key":"Ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor M, Larsen T, Schweinsburg RE (1985) Observations of intraspecific aggression and cannibalism in polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Arctic 38:303-309","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic2149"},{"key":"Ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor MK, Akeeagok S, Andriashek D, Barbour W and others (2001) Delineating Canadian and Greenland polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations by cluster analysis of movements. Can J Zool 79:690-709","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-79-4-690"},{"key":"Ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-1050.1"},{"key":"Ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Velde F, Stirling I, Richardson E (2003) Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) denning in the area of the Simpson Peninsula, Nunavut. Arctic 56:191-197","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic615"},{"key":"Ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinnikov KY, Robock A, Stouffer RJ, Walsh JE and others (1999) Global warming and northern hemisphere sea ice extent. Science 286:1934-1937","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5446.1934"},{"key":"Ref93","unstructured":"Watts PD, Hansen SE (1987) Cyclic starvation as a reproductive strategy in the polar bear. Symp Zool Soc Lond 57:305-318"},{"key":"Ref94","unstructured":"Wiig \u00d8 (1998) Survival and reproductive rates for polar bears at Svalbard. Ursus 10:25-32"},{"key":"Ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0032247400013474"},{"key":"Ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3184\/003685008X324506"},{"key":"Ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-009-0699-x"}],"container-title":["Marine Ecology Progress Series"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/meps2011\/447\/m447p289.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]],"date-time":"2020-06-28T15:05:04Z","timestamp":1593356704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v447\/p289-304\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,13]]},"references-count":97,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps09516","relation":{},"ISSN":["0171-8630","1616-1599"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0171-8630","type":"print"},{"value":"1616-1599","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,13]]}}}