{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T21:30:55Z","timestamp":1771536655648,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Inter-Research Science Center","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/journals\/terms-of-use\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["int-res.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Photophysiological and biochemical characteristics were investigated in natural communities of Arctic sea ice algae and phytoplankton to understand their respective responses towards variable irradiance and nutrient regimes. This study revealed large differences in photosynthetic efficiency and capacity between the 2 types of algal assemblages. Sea ice algal assemblages clearly displayed increased photoprotective energy dissipation under the highest daily average irradiance levels (&gt;8 \u00b5mol photons m<jats:sup>-2<\/jats:sup> s<jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>). In contrast, phytoplankton assemblages were generally light-limited within the same irradiance ranges. Furthermore, phytoplankton assemblages exhibited more efficient carbon assimilation rates in the low irradiance range compared to sea ice algae, possibly explaining the ability of phytoplankton to generate substantial under-ice blooms. They were also able to readily adjust and increase their carbon production to higher irradiances. The Arctic is warming more rapidly than any other oceanic region on the planet, and as a consequence, irradiance levels experienced by microalgae are expected to increase due to declining ice thickness and snow cover, as well as enhanced stratification. The results of this study suggest that sea ice algae may have less capacity to adapt to the expected environmental changes compared to phytoplankton. We therefore anticipate a change in sea ice-based vs. pelagic primary production with respect to timing and quantity in a future Arctic. The clearly distinct responses of sea ice algae vs. phytoplankton need to be incorporated into model scenarios of current and future Arctic algal blooms and considered when predicting implications for the entire ecosystem and associated biogeochemical fluxes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T21:15:53Z","timestamp":1614201353000},"page":"31-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Arctic sea ice algae differ markedly from phytoplankton in their ecophysiological characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"666","author":[{"given":"AC","family":"Kvernvik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Svalbard Science Centre, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway"}]},{"given":"CJM","family":"Hoppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biogeoscience, Alfred Wegener Institut - Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Polar- und Meeresforschung, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Greenacre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra and Barcelona Graduate School of Economics, Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, 08005 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Verbiest","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CB, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"JM","family":"Wiktor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 81-712 Sopot, Poland"}]},{"given":"TM","family":"Gabrielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Arctic Biology, University Centre in Svalbard, Svalbard Science Centre, 9171 Longyearbyen, Norway"},{"name":"Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Reigstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Leu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arctic R&D, Akvaplan-niva AS, Fram Centre, 9296 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10107"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0905-y"},{"key":"Ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2020.608032"},{"key":"Ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arrigo KR, Mock T, Lizotte MP (2010) Primary producers and sea ice. In: Thomas DN, Dieckmann GS (eds) Sea ice, 2nd edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, p 283-325","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444317145.ch8"},{"key":"Ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1215065"},{"key":"Ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12952\/journal.elementa.000028"},{"key":"Ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40850"},{"key":"Ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10054"},{"key":"Ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps045145"},{"key":"Ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.1986.tb02484.x"},{"key":"Ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A%3A1006138630573"},{"key":"Ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behrenfeld MJ, Halsey KH, Milligan AJ (2008) Evolved physiological responses of phytoplankton to their integrated growth environment. Philos Trans R Soc B 363:2687-2703","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0019"},{"key":"Ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunet C, Johnsen G, Lavaud J, Roy S (2011) Pigments and photoacclimation processes. In: Roy S, Llewellyn CA, Egeland ES, Johnsens G (eds) Phytoplankton pigments: characterization, chemotaxonomy and applications in oceanography. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 445-454","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511732263.017"},{"key":"Ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2016.10.005"},{"key":"Ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2006.10.004"},{"key":"Ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12237-014-9849-7"},{"key":"Ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosgrove J, Borowitzka MA (2010) Chlorophyll fluorescence terminology: an introduction. In: Suggett D, Pr\u00e1\u0161il O, Borowitzka M (eds) Chlorophyll a fluorescence in aquatic sciences: methods and applications. Developments in applied phycology, Vol 4. Springer, Dordrecht, p 1-17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9268-7_1"},{"key":"Ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/315219a0"},{"key":"Ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0924-7963(91)90036-T"},{"key":"Ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022143000012065"},{"key":"Ref21","unstructured":"Cullen JJ, MacIntyre JG (1998) Behavior, physiology and the niche of depth-regulating phytoplankton. NATO Adv Sci I G-Eco 41:559-580"},{"key":"Ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2012-0401"},{"key":"Ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2016.05.024"},{"key":"Ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00442528"},{"key":"Ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.42.110807.091452"},{"key":"Ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3800(88)90057-9"},{"key":"Ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.043008.091948"},{"key":"Ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2013.06.004"},{"key":"Ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps12398"},{"key":"Ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00443401"},{"key":"Ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1993.00755.x"},{"key":"Ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144052"},{"key":"Ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0399"},{"key":"Ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13125"},{"key":"Ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1990.00220.x"},{"key":"Ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0967-0645(97)00054-4"},{"key":"Ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/m62-029"},{"key":"Ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JC013263"},{"key":"Ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-4343(93)90096-G"},{"key":"Ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2007.11.011"},{"key":"Ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2019.0361"},{"key":"Ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsr2.2005.10.001"},{"key":"Ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2017JC013617"},{"key":"Ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3543338"},{"key":"Ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13334"},{"key":"Ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2017.00229"},{"key":"Ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-017-2186-0"},{"key":"Ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-018-0142-9"},{"key":"Ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1594\/PANGAEA.925007"},{"key":"Ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.2009.00133.x"},{"key":"Ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.1965.tb04563.x"},{"key":"Ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0695-2"},{"key":"Ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2278-5"},{"key":"Ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-010-0784-1"},{"key":"Ref55","unstructured":"Kangas T (2000) Thermohaline sesongvariasjoner i Van Mijenfjorden. MSc thesis, University of Bergen"},{"key":"Ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00394110"},{"key":"Ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0022-3646.1995.00181.x"},{"key":"Ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pp.42.060191.001525"},{"key":"Ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10963"},{"key":"Ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12750"},{"key":"Ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16501"},{"key":"Ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JC005312"},{"key":"Ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10369"},{"key":"Ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpy.12944"},{"key":"Ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0198-0149(91)90059-O"},{"key":"Ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legendre L, Ackley SF, Dieckmann GS, Gulliksen B and others (1992) Ecology of sea ice biota. 2. Global significance. Polar Biol 12:429-444","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00243114"},{"key":"Ref67","unstructured":"Lepp\u00e4ranta M, Manninen T (1988) The brine and gas content of sea ice with attention to low salinities and high temperatures. Internal Rep 88-2. Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki"},{"key":"Ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2006.06.005"},{"key":"Ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps08647"},{"key":"Ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2015.07.012"},{"key":"Ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1594\/PANGAEA.887811"},{"key":"Ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse8090676"},{"key":"Ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewis KM, Arntsen AE, Coupel P, Joy-Warren H and others (2019) Photoacclimation of Arctic Ocean phytoplankton to shifting light and nutrient limitation. Limnol Oceanogr 64:284-301","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.11039"},{"key":"Ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.39.110707.173549"},{"key":"Ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2002.47.1.0086"},{"key":"Ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5670\/oceanog.2011.72"},{"key":"Ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(99)01504-6"},{"key":"Ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-8-1625-2014"},{"key":"Ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.16"},{"key":"Ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086984"},{"key":"Ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miyake C, Asada K (2003) The water-water cycle in algae. In: Larkum AWD, Douglas SE, Raven JA (eds) Photosynthesis in algae. Advances in photosynthesis and respiration, Vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht, p 183-204","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-1038-2_9"},{"key":"Ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1999.44.2.0247"},{"key":"Ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2006.51.2.0936"},{"key":"Ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2005.07.003"},{"key":"Ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10587"},{"key":"Ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053738"},{"key":"Ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12952\/journal.elementa.000078"},{"key":"Ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00f6thig EM, Bracher A, Engel A, Metfies K and others (2015) Summertime plankton ecology in Fram Strait\u2014a compilation of long-and short-term observations. Polar Res 34:23349","DOI":"10.3402\/polar.v34.23349"},{"key":"Ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0427.1"},{"key":"Ref90","unstructured":"Oxborough K (2012) FastPro8 GUI and FRRf3 systems documentation. Chelsea Technologies Group, West Molesey"},{"key":"Ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-8-515-2011"},{"key":"Ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077445"},{"key":"Ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12526-010-0058-8"},{"key":"Ref94","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna"},{"key":"Ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-7963(02)00169-0"},{"key":"Ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-005-0138-7"},{"key":"Ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01319830"},{"key":"Ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1991.tb00657.x"},{"key":"Ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sakshaug E (2004) Primary and secondary production in the Arctic seas. In: Stein R, MacDonald RW (eds) The organic carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean. Springer, Berlin, p 57-81","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18912-8_3"},{"key":"Ref100","unstructured":"Sakshaug E, Skjoldal HR (1989) Life at the ice edge. Ambio 18:60-67"},{"key":"Ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/plankt\/19.11.1637"},{"key":"Ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-13-1019-2016"},{"key":"Ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10475"},{"key":"Ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-011-1105-2"},{"key":"Ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD015847"},{"key":"Ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2006.06.001"},{"key":"Ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00f8reide JE, Leu E, Berge J, Graeve M, Falk-Petersen S (2010) Timing of blooms, algal food quality and Calanus glacialis reproduction and growth in a changing Arctic. Glob Change Biol 16:3154-3163","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2010.02175.x"},{"key":"Ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterner R, Elser JJ (2002) Ecological stoichiometry: the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere. Princeton University Press, Oxford","DOI":"10.1515\/9781400885695"},{"key":"Ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps328075"},{"key":"Ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/meps07830"},{"key":"Ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed039p333"},{"key":"Ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12865"},{"key":"Ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tremblay J\u00c9, Gagnon J (2009) The effects of irradiance and nutrient supply on the productivity of Arctic waters: a perspective on climate change. In: Nihoul JCJ, Kostianoy AG (eds) Influence of climate change on the changing Arctic and Sub-Arctic conditions. NATO Sci Peace Sec C. Springer, Dordrecht, p 73-93","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9460-6_7"},{"key":"Ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uterm\u00f6hl H (1958) Zur Vervollkommnung der quantitativen Phytoplankton-Methodik. Mitt Int Ver Theor Angew Limnol 9:1-38","DOI":"10.1080\/05384680.1958.11904091"},{"key":"Ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8817.2005.00105.x"},{"key":"Ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2016.00200"},{"key":"Ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JC009211"},{"key":"Ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-003-0549-1"},{"key":"Ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weeks WF, Ackley SF (1986) The growth, structure, and properties of sea ice. In: Untersteiner N (ed) The geophysics of sea ice. Springer, Boston, MA, p 9-164","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-5352-0_2"},{"key":"Ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-17-635-2020"},{"key":"Ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmarsys.2005.11.013"},{"key":"Ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10639"},{"key":"Ref123","unstructured":"Wood S (2017) Package \u2018mgcv\u2019. R package version 1.7-29. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mgcv\/index.html"}],"container-title":["Marine Ecology Progress Series"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/meps2021\/666\/m666p031.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/articles\/meps2021\/666\/m666p031.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T11:16:26Z","timestamp":1621509386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.int-res.com\/abstracts\/meps\/v666\/p31-55\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]},"references-count":123,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps13675","relation":{},"ISSN":["0171-8630","1616-1599"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0171-8630","type":"print"},{"value":"1616-1599","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]]}}}