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The aim of this study was to (1) compare the responses of fouling assemblages recruited within a harbour (highly invaded) with the responses of those recruited in natural habitats (not invaded) to simulated MHWs of different temperatures and durations, and (2) evaluate the legacy effects of those MHWs on the invasibility of both types of assemblage by deploying them in a marina environment (high NIS propagule pressure). Experimental assemblages were sampled after 5 or 10 d of exposure to 1 of 3 different temperature conditions to examine the effects of varying MHW conditions. Later those assemblages were deployed inside a marina facility to test the invasibility of heat-stressed assemblages. The results revealed that higher temperatures and longer MHWs had an overall negative impact on both native and non-indigenous assemblages. Shorter MHWs had greater effects on assemblages dominated by NIS, while longer MHWs affected native species more. Increasing MHW duration promoted increased variability in the resulting invasive assemblages. Winner and loser species and homogenisation could potentially alter the legacy effects of MHWs on the pattern of NIS recruitment. This study highlights the importance of interactions between environmental stressors to the conservation of coastal communities, crucial ecosystems on oceanic islands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3354\/meps13710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T10:59:39Z","timestamp":1618484379000},"page":"21-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Winners and losers: prevalence of non-indigenous species under simulated marine heatwaves and high propagule pressure"],"prefix":"10.3354","volume":"668","author":[{"given":"N","family":"Castro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"P","family":"Ramalhosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"OOM - Oceanic Observatory of Madeira, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI), 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Cacabelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"}]},{"given":"JL","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Canning-Clode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA"}]},{"given":"I","family":"Gestoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Ag\u00eancia Regional para o Desenvolvimento da Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Tecnologia e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o (ARDITI) 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal"},{"name":"Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, 647 Contees Wharf Road, Edgewater, Maryland 21037, USA"}]}],"member":"1913","reference":[{"key":"Ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106147"},{"key":"Ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddi.12301"},{"key":"Ref3","unstructured":"Anderson MJ (2005) PERMANOVA: a FORTRAN computer program for permutational multivariate analysis of variance. 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