{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:24:49Z","timestamp":1790612689826,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Belitung Raya Foundation","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,8]],"date-time":"2023-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":[""],"award-info":[{"award-number":[""]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["belitungraya.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Belitung Nurs J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a common form of poor carbohydrate intolerance, prevalent among pregnant women and associated with unhealthy lifestyle behaviors. Given the dearth of information on self-empowerment among mothers with GDM, a self-care health education package needs to be developed to prevent related complications.\nObjective: This review aimed to identify self-care approaches, domains, and their effectiveness for a proper self-care educational guide package for women with GDM.\nDesign: A systematic review using electronic literature databases \u00a0published between January 2016 and December 2022 was conducted.\nData Sources: Web of Science, Scopus, and Ovid databases were used.\nReview Methods: This review utilized the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes) framework to screen the retrieved articles for eligibility in which mothers with GDM, educational materials, standard practice or intervention, and effectiveness were considered the PICO, respectively. The CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) model served as a framework for adopting the education development model. Mixed methods appraisal tool was used for quality assessment. Data extraction and synthesis without meta-analysis were presented as evidence tables.\nResults: A total of 19 articles on GDM were included in the final analysis (16 Intervention studies, two qualitative studies, and one mixed-methods study). Four broad domains emerged from the analysis: 1) information or knowledge of GDM, 2) monitoring of blood glucose levels, 3) practice of healthy lifestyles, and 4) other non-specific activities. The majority of the articles employed a face-to-face approach in executing the educational group sessions, and most studies disclosed their positive effects on GDM management. Other methods of evaluating intervention effectiveness were described as improved self-care behavior, increased satisfaction score, enhanced self-efficacy, good glucose control, and better pregnancy outcome.\nConclusion: Knowledge or information about GDM, healthy diet, and exercise or physical activity was found to be the most applied domains of intervention. Framework domains based on the present review can be used in the future development of any interventional program for GDM women in enhancing health information reaching the targeted group in promoting self-efficacy.\nPROSPERO registration number: CRD42021229610.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33546\/bnj.2396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]],"date-time":"2023-02-12T07:50:09Z","timestamp":1676188209000},"page":"6-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33546\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Self-care educational guide for mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review on identifying self-care domains, approaches, and their effectiveness"],"prefix":"10.33546","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5948-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zarina","family":"Haron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-4727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosnah","family":"Sutan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4764-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshaya","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0856-0697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaleha","family":"Abdullah Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"63939","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Hashmi, I., Alsabti, H., Al Omari, O., Al Nasseri, Y., & Khalaf, A. (2022). Development, feasibility and acceptability of a self-efficacy-enhancing smartphone application among pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: Single-arm pilot clinical trial. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 22(1), 358. https\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-022-04684-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04684-1"},{"key":"63940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Hashmi, I., Hodge, F., Nandy, K., Thomas, E., & Brecht, M. L. (2018). The effect of a self-efficacy-enhancing intervention on perceived self-efficacy and actual adherence to healthy behaviours among women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 18(4), e513-e519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18295\/squmj.2018.18.04.014","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2018.18.04.014"},{"key":"63941","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Ofi, E. A., Mosli, H. H., Ghamri, K. A., & Ghazali, S. M. (2019). Management of postprandial hyperglycaemia and weight gain in women with gestational diabetes mellitus using a novel telemonitoring system. Journal of International Medical Research, 47(2), 754-764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0300060518809872","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518809872"},{"key":"63942","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allehdan, S. S., Basha, A. S., Asali, F. F., & Tayyem, R. F. (2019). Dietary and exercise interventions and glycemic control and maternal and newborn outcomes in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes: Systematic review. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 13(4), 2775-2784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.07.040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2019.07.040"},{"key":"63943","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. (2019). 5. Lifestyle management: Standards of medical care in diabetes\u20142019. Diabetes Care, 42(Supplement_1), S46-S60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-S005","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S005"},{"key":"63944","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ammulu, & Fasalu Rahiman O.M., M. R. K. P. (2019). Managing gestational diabetes: The role of patient counselling. International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 8(3), 1011-1015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20190872","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20190872"},{"key":"63945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anjana, R. M., Sudha, V., Lakshmipriya, N., Anitha, C., Unnikrishnan, R., Bhavadharini, B., Mahalakshmi, M. M., Maheswari, K., Kayal, A., Ram, U., Ranjani, H., Ninov, L., Deepa, M., Pradeepa, R., Pastakia, S. D., Malanda, B., Belton, A., & Mohan, V. (2016). Physical activity patterns and gestational diabetes outcomes - The wings project. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 116, 253-262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.04.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.04.041"},{"key":"63946","unstructured":"Anuar, N. M., Yusof, B. N. M., Hasbullah, F. Y., Adznam, S. N. A., Ibrahim, Z., Zakaria, N. F., & Hashim, N. (2020). Levels of knowledge about the glycemic index concept among women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 16(3), 185-191."},{"key":"63947","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aziz, S., Mahmood, M., & Rehman, Z. (2018). Implementation of CIPP model for quality evaluation at school level: A case study. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 5(1), 189-206.","DOI":"10.22555\/joeed.v5i1.1553"},{"key":"63948","unstructured":"Bahram Mohebbi, Azar Tol, Roya Sadeghi, & Seideh Fateme Mohtarami, A. S. (2019). Self-management intervention program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) among women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A quazi-experimental study. Archives of Iranian Medicine, 22(4), 168-173."},{"key":"63949","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhowmik, B., Afsana, F., Ahmed, T., Siddiquee, T., Ahmed, T., Pathan, F., Mahtab, H., & Khan, A. K. A. (2018). Evaluation of knowledge regarding gestational diabetes mellitus: A Bangladeshi study. Public Health, 161, 67-74. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.04.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2018.04.017"},{"key":"63950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgen, I., Garnweidner-Holme, L. M., Jacobsen, A. F., Bjerkan, K., Fayyad, S., Joranger, P., Lilleengen, A. M., Mosdol, A., Noll, J., Smastuen, M. C., Terragni, L., Torheim, L. E., & Lukasse, M. (2017). Smartphone application for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 7(3), e013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013117","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013117"},{"key":"63951","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgen, I., Smastuen, M. C., Jacobsen, A. F., Garnweidner-Holme, L. M., Fayyad, S., Noll, J., & Lukasse, M. (2019). Effect of the Pregnant+ smartphone application in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: A randomised controlled trial in Norway. BMJ Open, 9(11), e030884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030884","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030884"},{"key":"63952","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, J., Alwan, N. A., West, J., Brown, S., McKinlay, C. J., Farrar, D., & Crowther, C. A. (2017). Lifestyle interventions for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5(5), CD011970. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd011970.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011970.pub2"},{"key":"63953","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, M., McKenzie, J. E., Sowden, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Brennan, S. E., Ellis, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Ryan, R., Shepperd, S., Thomas, J., Welch, V., & Thomson, H. (2020). Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: Reporting guideline. BMJ, 368, l6890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.l6890","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l6890"},{"key":"63954","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolan-OIah, M. C. (2016). Educational and intervention programmes for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) management: An integrative review. Collegian, 23(1), 103-114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.colegn.2015.01.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colegn.2015.01.001"},{"key":"63955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolan-Olah, M., Duarte-Gardea, M., & Lechuga, J. (2017a). A systematic review of interventions for Hispanic women with or at risk of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, 13, 14-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.srhc.2017.02.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2017.02.006"},{"key":"63956","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolan-Olah, M., Duarte-Gardea, M., Lechuga, J., & Salinas-Lopez, S. (2017b). The experience of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among Hispanic women in a U.S. border region. Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare, 12, 16-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.srhc.2016.11.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.srhc.2016.11.003"},{"key":"63957","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carolan-Olah, M., & Sayakhot, P. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of a web-based education intervention for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Midwifery, 68, 39-47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.midw.2018.08.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2018.08.019"},{"key":"63958","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crawford, K. (2017). Review of 2017 diabetes standards of care. Nursing Clinics of North America, 52(4), 621-663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cnur.2017.07.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2017.07.010"},{"key":"63959","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draffin, C. R., Alderdice, F. A., McCance, D. R., Maresh, M., Harper, R., Patterson, C. C., Bernatavicius, G., Brennan, S. F., Gough, A., McSorley, O., Holmes, V. A., & group, G. D. s. (2017). Impact of an educational DVD on anxiety and glycaemic control in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): A randomised controlled trial. 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BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19(1), 60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12884-019-2185-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2185-y"},{"key":"63964","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Zhang, Y., Li, P., Zhou, P., Chen, L. M., & Li, S. Y. (2019). Evaluating the effects of mobile health intervention on weight management, glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation, 42(6), 709-714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-018-0975-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-018-0975-0"},{"key":"63965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S., Middleton, P., Shepherd, E., Van Ryswyk, E., & Crowther, C. A. (2017). Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD009275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.cd009275.pub3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009275.pub3"},{"key":"63966","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasbullah, F. Y., Mohd Yusof, B. N., Shariff, Z. M., Rejali, Z., Yong, H. Y., & Mitri, J. (2020). Factors associated with dietary glycemic index and glycemic load in pregnant women and risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 71(4), 516-524. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09637486.2019.1686752","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2019.1686752"},{"key":"63967","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, R., Lei, Q., Hu, H., Li, H., Tian, D., & Lai, Z. (2022). The effect of health education combined with personalized psychological nursing intervention on pregnancy outcome of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. BioMed Research International, 2022, 3157986. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/3157986","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3157986"},{"key":"63968","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Q. N., F\u00e0bregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., & O\u2019Cathain, A. (2018). 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