{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T15:49:42Z","timestamp":1773071382070,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Belitung Raya Foundation","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":[""],"award-info":[{"award-number":[""]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["belitungraya.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Belitung Nurs J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus adversely impacts the quality of life due to treatment, changes in daily life, functional disability, and emerging complications. Using metaphors to convey perceptions of diseases and life experiences is crucial for understanding healthcare behaviors.\nObjective: This study aimed to explore the metaphorical perceptions of \u201cdiabetes\u201d and \u201cbeing a person with diabetes\u201d within a sample group of individuals with diabetes in Turkey.\nMethods: A qualitative design was employed to investigate the metaphoric perceptions of 72 people with diabetes. Data were collected face-to-face between 15 May and June 2023 using a semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using content analysis.\nResults: From the statements of the individuals with diabetes in the sample, seven metaphoric themes related to diabetes \u2013 \u201cpain and distress, helplessness and hopelessness, instability, attention and sensitivity, captivity, positive outlook and acceptance, deprivation\u201d \u2013 and six metaphoric themes concerning being a person with diabetes \u2013 \u201csuffocation and distress, helplessness, powerlessness and disappointment, captivity, attention and sensitivity, guilt, and being worn out\u201d - were identified. Commonly recurring sub-themes with negative connotations included \u201cdarkness, well, convict, prison, captivity, microbe, infectious disease, a hot flush, guilt, clouding life, and being ruined.\u201d Some positively framed statements included \u201cfriend, traffic sign, and driving a car.\u201d\nConclusion: The majority of patients in the study used negative metaphors, with fewer expressing positive sentiments regarding the necessity of accepting and paying attention to the disease. Defining individuals\u2019 metaphorical perceptions of their disease may enable the provision of better quality and holistic care. Nurses, in particular, play a crucial role in facilitating behavioral changes for patients with diabetes to achieve self-management. \u00a0<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33546\/bnj.3081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T23:36:26Z","timestamp":1709076986000},"page":"31-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33546\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metaphoric perceptions of individuals with diabetes in Turkey: A content analysis"],"prefix":"10.33546","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1331-4183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asl\u0131","family":"Tok \u00d6zen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9521-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"Bulantekin D\u00fczalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2999-0688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bet\u00fcl","family":"Yal\u00e7\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"19163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"88392","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbuAlhommos, A. K., Alturaifi, A. H., Al-Bin Hamdhah, A. M., Al-Ramadhan, H. H., Al Ali, Z. A., & Al Nasser, H. J. (2022). The health-related quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Patient Preference and Adherence, 1233-1245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/PPA.S353525","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S353525"},{"key":"88393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of care in diabetes\u20142023 abridged for primary care providers. Clinical Diabetes, 41(1), 4-31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/cd23-as01","DOI":"10.2337\/cd23-as01"},{"key":"88394","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arda S\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc, H., & B\u00fcy\u00fckkaya Besen, D. (2018). Predictors of empowerment in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 29(6), 506-513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1043659617750259","DOI":"10.1177\/1043659617750259"},{"key":"88395","unstructured":"Ardahan, M., Muslu, L., & Gunbayi, I. (2018). Metaphors as artefacts for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus according to their professional cultures. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association, 68(2), 334-339."},{"key":"88396","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arora, T., Chen, M. Z., Omar, O. M., Cooper, A. R., Andrews, R. C., & Taheri, S. (2016). An investigation of the associations among sleep duration and quality, body mass index and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 7(1), 3-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2042018815616549","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018815616549"},{"key":"88397","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakan, G., Azak, A., & \u00d6zdemir, \u00dc. (2017). Diabetes and socio-cultural approach. Journal of Kesit Academy, 3(12), 180-195.","DOI":"10.18020\/kesit.1350"},{"key":"88398","unstructured":"Buyukozturk, S., K\u0131l\u0131c Cakmak, E., Akgun, O. A., Karadeniz, S., & Demirel, F. (2013). Scientific research methods. Ankara, Turkey: Pegem Academy."},{"key":"88399","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canpolat, \u00d6., Ekenler, \u015e., & Polat, \u00dc. (2022). Barriers and facilitators in diabetes self-management [in Turkish]. SDU Medical Faculty Journal, 29(1), 143-148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17343\/sdutfd.1008149","DOI":"10.17343\/sdutfd.1008149"},{"key":"88400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fioretti, C., & Mugnaini, C. (2022). Living with type 1 diabetes mellitus in emerging adulthood: A qualitative study. British Journal of Health Psychology, 27(4), 1226-1240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjhp.12596","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12596"},{"key":"88401","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ide, N., LoGerfo, J. P., & Karmacharya, B. (2018). Barriers and facilitators of diabetes services in Nepal: A qualitative evaluation. Health Policy and Planning, 33(4), 474-482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/heapol\/czy011","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czy011"},{"key":"88402","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. (2017). IDF 2017 diabetes atlas. https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/atlas\/eighth-edition\/"},{"key":"88403","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF 2021 diabetes atlas. https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/idfawp\/resource-files\/2021\/07\/IDF_Atlas_10th_Edition_2021.pdf"},{"key":"88404","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Istek, N., & Karakurt, P. (2018). A global health problem: type 2 diabetes and self-care management. Journal of Academic Research in Nursing (JAREN) 4(3), 179-182. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5222\/jaren.2018.63634","DOI":"10.5222\/jaren.2018.63634"},{"key":"88405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, X., Gao, H., Sun, D., Zhuang, J., Fang, Y., Wang, K., & Ahmadizar, F. (2023). Trajectories of cognition and daily functioning before and after incident diabetes. Diabetes Care, 46(1), 75-82. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-1190","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1190"},{"key":"88406","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, X., Chen, J., Dong, Y., Han, D., Zhao, H., Wang, X., Gao, F., Li, C., Cui, Z., & Liu, Y. (2018). Related factors of quality of life of type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16, 189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-018-1021-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-018-1021-9"},{"key":"88407","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandelwal, D., Dutta, D., Chittawar, S., & Kalra, S. (2017). Sleep disorders in type 2 diabetes. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 21(5), 758-761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103%2Fijem.IJEM_156_17","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_156_17"},{"key":"88408","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogre, V., Johnson, N. A., Tzelepis, F., & Paul, C. (2019). Barriers to diabetic self\u2010care: A qualitative study of patients\u2019 and healthcare providers\u2019 perspectives. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(11-12), 2296-2308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14835","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14835"},{"key":"88409","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohseni, M., Shams Ghoreishi, T., Houshmandi, S., Moosavi, A., Azami-Aghdash, S., & Asgarlou, Z. (2020). Challenges of managing diabetes in Iran: Meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC Health Services Research, 20, 1-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-020-05130-8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05130-8"},{"key":"88410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, K., Dack, C., Ross, J., Michie, S., May, C., Stevenson, F., Farmer, A., Yardley, L., Barnard, M., & Murray, E. (2018). Digital health interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes: qualitative study of patient perspectives on diabetes self-management education and support. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(2), e40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.8439","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.8439"},{"key":"88411","unstructured":"Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice (10th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health."},{"key":"88412","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pratte, R. (1981). Metaphorical models and curriculum theory. Curriculum Inquiry, 11(4), 307-320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03626784.1981.11075264","DOI":"10.1080\/03626784.1981.11075264"},{"key":"88413","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preechasuk, L., Sriussadaporn, P., & Likitmaskul, S. (2019). The obstacles to diabetes self-management education and support from healthcare professionals\u2019 perspectives: A nationwide survey. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 12, 717-727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S195916","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S195916"},{"key":"88414","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pyatak, E. A., Spruijt-Metz, D., Schneider, S., Hernandez, R., Pham, L. T., Hoogendoorn, C. J., Peters, A. L., Crandall, J., Jin, H., & Lee, P.-J. (2023). Impact of overnight glucose on next-day functioning in adults with type 1 diabetes: An exploratory intensive longitudinal study. Diabetes Care, 46(7), 1345-1353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-2008","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2008"},{"key":"88415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rama Chandran, S., Jacob, P., & Choudhary, P. (2020). A systematic review of the effect of prior hypoglycaemia on cognitive function in type 1 diabetes. 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Content analysis of metaphors about hypertension and diabetes on Twitter: exploratory mixed-methods study. JMIR Diabetes, 3(4), e11177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/11177","DOI":"10.2196\/11177"},{"key":"88422","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stuckey, H., & Peyrot, M. (2020). Living with diabetes: Literature review and secondary analysis of qualitative data. Diabetic Medicine, 37(3), 493-503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14255","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14255"},{"key":"88423","unstructured":"Tanriverdi, H., & Kahraman, C. O. (2018). Metaphor analysis. In \u015e. Arslan (Ed.), Research methods in social sciences. Education Publishing House."},{"key":"88424","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. In C. Willig & W. S. Rogers (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research in psychology (2nd ed., pp. 17-37). SAGE Publishers.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526405555.n2"},{"key":"88425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trikkalinou, A., Papazafiropoulou, A. K., & Melidonis, A. (2017). Type 2 diabetes and quality of life. World Journal of Diabetes, 8(4), 120-129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239%2Fwjd.v8.i4.120","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v8.i4.120"},{"key":"88426","unstructured":"Turkish Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. (2022). Diabetes mellitus and its complications diagnosis, treatment and follow-up guide [in Turkish]. Turkey: Turkish Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism. https:\/\/file.temd.org.tr\/Uploads\/publications\/guides\/documents\/diabetes-mellitus_2022.pdf"},{"key":"88427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, F.-L., Tai, H.-C., & Sun, J.-C. (2019). Self-management experience of middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes: A qualitative study. Asian Nursing Research, 13(3), 209-215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anr.2019.06.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anr.2019.06.002"}],"container-title":["Belitung Nursing Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.belitungraya.org\/BRP\/index.php\/bnj\/article\/download\/3081\/920","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.belitungraya.org\/BRP\/index.php\/bnj\/article\/download\/3081\/930","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.belitungraya.org\/BRP\/index.php\/bnj\/article\/download\/3081\/920","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T23:47:41Z","timestamp":1709077661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.belitungraya.org\/BRP\/index.php\/bnj\/article\/view\/3081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33546\/bnj.3081","relation":{},"ISSN":["2477-4073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2477-4073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-01","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}