{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T04:10:39Z","timestamp":1764130239187,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Belitung Raya Foundation","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health, Indonesia","award":["LB.12.6.2024\/2256\/Kemenkes"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LB.12.6.2024\/2256\/Kemenkes"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["belitungraya.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Belitung Nurs J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive \u03b2-cell dysfunction, leading to long-term complications that negatively affect patients\u2019 quality of life (QoL). Various demographic, psychological, and clinical factors influence QoL. However, limited research has explored these associations within the sociocultural context of a rural regency in Indonesia, where variations in healthcare access, education, and economic conditions may uniquely affect QoL.\nObjective:\u00a0This study aimed to examine the relationships between clinical and demographic factors and QoL among patients with T2DM.\nMethods:\u00a0A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2024 to February 2025 with 1,030 adult T2DM patients recruited via purposive sampling. QoL was assessed using the Diabetes Quality of Life Scale (DQOL), and anxiety was measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Additional data on employment status, disease duration, age, and therapy type were collected via structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27 with univariate, bivariate (chi-square), and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.\nResults:\u00a0Descriptively, most participants were female (90.8%), aged 51\u201360 years (59.7%), and had completed senior high school (84%). Overall, 61.2% reported good QoL. Anxiety was mild in 73.3% and moderate in 26.7% of participants. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that moderate anxiety (OR = 2.78; 95% CI [1.48\u20135.25], p = 0.041), disease duration \u22655 years (OR = 10.24; 95% CI [2.13\u201312.40], p = 0.027), older age (\u226550 years) (OR = 8.94; 95% CI [2.15\u201314.73], p = 0.032), unemployment (OR = 3.66; 95% CI [1.03\u201313.07], p = 0.030), and insulin therapy (OR = 11.3; 95% CI [2.80\u201312.60], p = 0.019) were significantly associated with poor QoL. The model showed good fit (Hosmer\u2013Lemeshow \u03c7\u00b2 = 5.32, p = 0.72) and moderate explanatory power (Nagelkerke R\u00b2 = 0.24).\nConclusion:\u00a0Longer disease duration, older age (\u226550 years), unemployment, moderate anxiety, and insulin therapy were significantly associated with lower QoL among T2DM patients. These findings emphasize the need for integrated care strategies combining educational, psychosocial, and socioeconomic interventions. Nursing practice should prioritize holistic, patient-centered approaches incorporating psychological support, individualized education, and social empowerment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33546\/bnj.3942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T03:52:02Z","timestamp":1764129122000},"page":"770-776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33546\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quality of life and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in East Bolaang Mongondow, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.33546","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3334-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjes Netro","family":"Tumurang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4804-0049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace Irene Viodyta","family":"Watung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2089-2011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ake Royke Calvin","family":"Langingi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"19163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"134263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul Basith Khan, M., Hashim, M. J., King, J. K., Govender, R. D., Mustafa, H., & Al Kaabi, J. (2020). Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes\u2014global burden of disease and forecasted trends. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 10(1), 107-111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001"},{"key":"134264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Noumani, H., Alharrasi, M., Lazarus, E. R., & Panchatcharam, S. M. (2023). Factors predicting medication adherence among Omani patients with chronic diseases through a multicenter cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 7067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-34393-4","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-34393-4"},{"key":"134265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlSofiani, M. E., Albunyan, S., Alguwaihes, A. M., Kalyani, R. R., Golden, S. H., & Alfadda, A. (2021). Determinants of mental health outcomes among people with and without diabetes during the COVID\u201019 outbreak in the Arab gulf region. Journal of Diabetes, 13(4), 339-352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.13149","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13149"},{"key":"134266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslan, B., & \u00d6zdelikara, A. (2023). The effect of self-efficacy level on quality of life in patients with type-2 diabetes. Turkish Journal of Diabetes and Obesity, 7(1), 30-40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25048\/tudod.1255709","DOI":"10.25048\/tudod.1255709"},{"key":"134267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagan, O., Ye\u015filayd\u0131n, G., & Koca, B. (2021). Examination of self-efficacy and quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes regarding diabetes management. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 5(3), 43-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.30621\/jbachs.898647","DOI":"10.30621\/jbachs.898647"},{"key":"134268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cakmak, S., & Gen, E. (2020). Relationship between quality of life, depression and anxiety in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. 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Pan African Medical Journal, 45, 99. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2023.45.99.39472","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2023.45.99.39472"},{"key":"134274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H. R., & Kim, J.-S. (2022). Stress, depression, and unhealthy behavior changes among patients with diabetes during COVID-19 in Korea. Healthcare, 10, 303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare10020303","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10020303"},{"key":"134275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurtalic, N., Kurtalic, S., & Salihbegovic, E. M. (2020). Skin changes in patients with diabetes melitus type 2 and their impact on quality of life. Materia Socio-Medica, 32(4), 283-286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5455\/msm.2020.32.283-286","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2020.32.283-286"},{"key":"134276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moes, R. G. J., Huisman, E. L., Malkin, S. J. P., & Hunt, B. (2023). Evaluating the clinical and economic outcomes associated with poor glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes in the Netherlands. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research, 15, 87-96. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CEOR.S391626","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S391626"},{"key":"134277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nickzad, S., Foroutan, M., Hedayati, A. H., Pourmohseni, M. R., & Asl, N. S. (2024). The relationship between the duration of diabetes and dimensions of general health and quality of life associated with the health of diabetic patients. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 13(8), 2927-2933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1377_23","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1377_23"},{"key":"134278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nurmalisyah, F. F., Mubarok, A. S., & Sari, D. S. A. (2021). Empowering the role of the integrated foster post cadres in improving the quality of life of diabetes mellitus patients. Babali Nursing Research, 2(3), 128-138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37363\/bnr.2021.2348","DOI":"10.37363\/bnr.2021.2348"},{"key":"134279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obo, H., Kugbey, N., & Atefoe, E. (2021). Social support, depression, anxiety, and quality of life among persons living with type 2 diabetes: A path analysis. South African Journal of Psychology, 51(4), 575-586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0081246320984285","DOI":"10.1177\/0081246320984285"},{"key":"134280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onu, D. U., Ifeagwazi, C. M., & Prince, O. A. (2022). Social support buffers the impacts of Diabetes distress on health-related quality of life among type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(10), 2305-2317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1359105320980821","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320980821"},{"key":"134281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S. J., Kim, S. Y., Lee, E.-S., & Park, S. (2020). Associations among employment status, health behaviors, and mental health in a representative sample of South Koreans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17072456","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072456"},{"key":"134282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puspatari, D., & Saidah, S. (2023). Effect of counseling on quality of life in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. Medical Sains: Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian, 8(3), 1053-1066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37874\/ms.v8i3.831","DOI":"10.37874\/ms.v8i3.831"},{"key":"134283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"San Diego, E. R. N., West, N. T., Pichon, L. C., Jiang, Y., Powell, T. W., Rugless, F., . . . McNeals, S. (2024). Associations between sociodemographic variables, social determinants of health, and diabetes: Findings from a congregational health needs assessment. 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