{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T03:46:15Z","timestamp":1782618375354,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Belitung Raya Foundation","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universitas Pelita Harapan","award":["P-064-\nS-FKep\/XII\/2024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-064-\nS-FKep\/XII\/2024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["belitungraya.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Belitung Nurs J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: End-of-life (EoL) care is a form of service provided to patients in the terminal phase and families to meet physical, psychological, social, and spiritual needs so that patients can face death peacefully and with dignity. EoL care can be facilitated by medical personnel, but it is not uncommon for nursing students to be involved as well. Several factors influence nursing students\u2019 ability to provide EoL care to patients.\nObjective: This study aimed to explore the nursing students\u2019 perceptions and experiences regarding the provision of EoL care during clinical placements.\nMethods: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using purposive sampling and in-depth interviews with 10 professional nursing students who had experience providing EoL care. Data were collected with a four-question guide between February and May 2025 and analyzed inductively using thematic analysis, including familiarization, coding, theme development, and reporting. Strategies to enhance trustworthiness included credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability.\nResults: Four main themes emerged: 1) Nursing Students\u2019 perspective of EoL Care, 2) Providing holistic Care to Patients and Families, 3) Challenges and Opportunities in Providing EoL Care, 4) Developing Heart of Caring. Participants conceptualized EoL as a holistic, person-centered process emphasizing comfort, dignity, and compassion rather than cure. They demonstrated developing competence in identifying clinical indicators of terminal decline and addressing patients\u2019 physical, psychosocial, and spiritual needs. Students described providing comfort through symptom management, active listening, emotional support, and the facilitation of spiritual practices aligned with patients\u2019 beliefs. Although communication difficulties, emotional strain, and insufficient preparation were significant barriers, they were also perceived as valuable learning opportunities that fostered personal growth, empathy, and professional confidence. Spiritual faith and viewing patients as family members further inspired compassionate, value-driven care.\nConclusion: Overall, the findings emphasize that experiential and reflective learning during clinical placements are essential in shaping nursing students\u2019 moral sensitivity, resilience, and humanistic orientation. Integrating Structured EoL care education that includes emotional and spiritual dimensions is crucial to preparing future nurses to deliver dignified, compassionate, and holistic care for patients and families at EoL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33546\/bnj.4540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T03:03:01Z","timestamp":1782615781000},"page":"412-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33546\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The perceptions and lived experiences of Indonesian nursing students in providing end-of-life care: A qualitative study"],"prefix":"10.33546","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6167-5697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chalita Diandra","family":"Natalie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3118-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yenni Ferawati","family":"Sitanggang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8301-4795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Fidel Antunez","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"157213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbaspour, H., & Heydari, A. (2021). Concept analysis of end-of-life care. Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(3), 172\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/jcs.2022.037","DOI":"10.34172\/jcs.2022.037"},{"key":"157214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, S. K. (2024). The pillars of trustworthiness in qualitative research. Journal of Medicine, Surgery, and Public Health, 2, 100051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100051"},{"key":"157215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azimi, H., Rezapour-Nasrabad, R., Borhani, F., Sadat-Hoseini, A. S., & Momeni, M. (2024). The model of solving ethical challenges with nursing based on faith in God: A new model for nurses to care during epidemics. BMC Nursing, 23(1), 538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02207-1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02207-1"},{"key":"157216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradshaw, C., Atkinson, S., & Doody, O. (2017). Employing a qualitative description approach in health care research. Global Qualitative Nursing Research, 4, 2333393617742282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2333393617742282","DOI":"10.1177\/2333393617742282"},{"key":"157217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"157218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camara, C., Rosengarten, L., & Callum, J. (2024). Experiences of nursing students providing end of life care for children and young people: A focus group study. Nurse Education Today, 137, 106147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2024.106147"},{"key":"157219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, W., Li, C., Zhang, Q., & Tong, H. (2022). Perceptions on the current content and pedagogical approaches used in end-of-life care education among undergraduate nursing students: A qualitative, descriptive study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-022-03625-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03625-y"},{"key":"157220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, L. G., Hamilton, H. M., Burke, M. E., McDonald, C., & Griggs, S. (2020). End-of-life nursing knowledge among nursing students. Journal of Nursing Education, 59(3), 154\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/01484834-20200220-06","DOI":"10.3928\/01484834-20200220-06"},{"key":"157221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chua, J. Y. X., & Shorey, S. (2021). Effectiveness of end-of-life educational interventions at improving nurses and nursing students' attitude toward death and care of dying patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education Today, 101, 104892. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104892"},{"key":"157222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colorafi, K. J., & Evans, B. (2016). Qualitative descriptive methods in health science research. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 9(4), 16\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1937586715614171","DOI":"10.1177\/1937586715614171"},{"key":"157223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dorney, P., & Pierangeli, L. (2021). A phenomenological study: Student nurses' perceptions of care of the dying in a hospice-based facility. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 23(2), 162\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000730","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000730"},{"key":"157224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elzeiny, A., Loutfy, A., Van Belkum, C., Magdi, H. M., Elbatanouny, A., Al Hariri, B., Alazazmeh, H., & Alrefai, A. (2025). Death and dying attitude through the eyes of nursing students during clinical training: A cross-sectional study in the United Arab Emirates. Palliative Medicine Reports, 6(1), 588\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26892820251395427","DOI":"10.1177\/26892820251395427"},{"key":"157225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fristedt, S., Grynne, A., Melin-Johansson, C., Henoch, I., Hagelin, C. L., & Browall, M. (2021). Registered nurses and undergraduate nursing students' attitudes to performing end-of-life care. Nurse Education Today, 98, 104772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.104772"},{"key":"157226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Navarro, E. B., Navarro, S. G., Sousa, L., Jos\u00e9, H., Caceres-Titos, M. J., & Ortega-Gal\u00e1n, \u00c1. (2023). Nursing students\u2019 perceptions of spiritual needs at the end of life. A qualitative study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1132581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1132581","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1132581"},{"key":"157227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haroen, H., Mirwanti, R., Agustina, H. R., Pahria, T., Harun, H., Akuoko, C. P., & Nadirawati, N. (2023). A qualitative study of perception and experience toward end-of-life care among nursing students who witnessed dying people in their family. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 16, 2261\u20132270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JMDH.S423198","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S423198"},{"key":"157228","unstructured":"Huffman, J. L., & Harmer, B. (2019). End of life care. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK544276\/"},{"key":"157229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffers, S., Lippe, M. P., Justice, A., Ferry, D., Borowik, K., & Connelly, C. (2022). Nursing student perceptions of end-of-life communication competence: A qualitative descriptive study. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 24(3), 199\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000849","DOI":"10.1097\/NJH.0000000000000849"},{"key":"157230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, K., Draper, J., & Bolton, N. (2023). Nursing students experiences of end-of-life care. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 29(10), 466\u2013475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/ijpn.2023.29.10.466","DOI":"10.12968\/ijpn.2023.29.10.466"},{"key":"157231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, Q., Liu, Y., Soh, K. L., & Guo, Y. (2026). A comparative study on nursing students\u2019 attitudes towards death and palliative care before and after their clinical internship in China. Medicine, 105(4), e47211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000047211","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000047211"},{"key":"157232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., & Kim, M. (2021). We want more than life-sustaining treatment during end-of-life care: Focus-group interviews. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18094415","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094415"},{"key":"157233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasater, K. B., Sloane, D. M., McHugh, M. D., & Aiken, L. H. (2019). Quality of end\u2010of\u2010life care and its association with nurse practice environments in us hospitals. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(2), 302\u2013308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.15671","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.15671"},{"key":"157234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muliira, J. K., Lazarus, E. R., & Mirafuentes, E. C. (2023). A countrywide assessment of Omani undergraduate nursing students\u2019 palliative care knowledge and attitudes towards end-of-life care. 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Meeting patients\u2019 spiritual needs during end\u2010of\u2010life care: A qualitative study of nurses\u2019 and healthcare professionals\u2019 perceptions of spiritual care training. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(1-2), 182\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jocn.14648","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.14648"},{"key":"157238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, L., Wang, J., Wang, J., & Liu, Q. (2024). Investigation of student nurses\u2019 attitudes towards end-of-life care and their influencing factors. Open Journal of Nursing, 14, 183\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ojn.2024.145013","DOI":"10.4236\/ojn.2024.145013"},{"key":"157239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandelowski, M. (2000). Whatever happened to qualitative description? 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A meta-analysis of nursing students' knowledge and attitudes about end-of-life care Nurse Education Today, 119, 105570. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2022.105570"},{"key":"157245","unstructured":"World Health Organization [WHO]. (2020). Palliative care. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/palliative-care"},{"key":"157246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zahran, Z., Hamdan, K. M., Hamdan\u2010Mansour, A. M., Allari, R. S., Alzayyat, A. A., & Shaheen, A. M. (2022). Nursing students\u2019 attitudes towards death and caring for dying patients. Nursing Open, 9(1), 614\u2013623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nop2.1107","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1107"},{"key":"157247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, S., Wei, L., Hua, W., He, X., & Chen, J. (2022). A qualitative study of phenomenology of perspectives of student nurses: Experience of death in clinical practice. 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