{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T06:45:13Z","timestamp":1792565113291,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Belitung Raya Foundation","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"award":[""],"award-info":[{"award-number":[""]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["belitungraya.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Belitung Nurs J"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Secondary osteoporosis is common but remains understudied in various contexts. In Oman, public awareness of osteoporosis and its risk factors is low, and to date, few studies have specifically addressed secondary osteoporosis, despite its implications for healthcare costs, quality of life, health promotion, and well-being.\nObjective: To identify the common characteristics of patients with secondary osteoporosis in Oman to guide patient education and interventions for health promotion.\nMethods: This retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed data of patients diagnosed with secondary osteoporosis at a national referral center in Oman in February 2025. In a database of 500 patients, 112 eligible cases were included, and all met the inclusion criteria. The extracted data included demographic and lifestyle factors, laboratory results, and medical history pertinent to osteoporosis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.\nResults: The mean age was 39.44 \u00b1 7.50 years, and many participants reported regular physical activity and chronic conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (17%), chronic kidney disease (14.3%), diabetes mellitus (13.4%), inflammatory bowel diseases (8.9%), and cancer (8%), among others. The commonly taken medications linked to osteoporosis were proton pump inhibitors (41%), glucocorticoids (35.7%), and thyroid hormones (12.5%). After the diagnosis of secondary osteoporosis, patients had a recorded diagnosis of chronic pain (75%), fractures (26.8%), and depression (17%). Follow-up bone mass density testing indicated low lumbar, hip, and femoral z-scores in patients with a history of cancer, chemotherapy, smokers, and thyroid hormone therapy.\nConclusion: Chronic diseases were common among patients with secondary osteoporosis. Thus, patients with non-communicable diseases need comprehensive risk assessment, routine screening, and health promotion to enhance bone health maintenance. Nurses can play a critical role in providing patient education and guidance to promote bone health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33546\/bnj.4689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T05:53:18Z","timestamp":1792561998000},"page":"689-696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33546\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Common characteristics among patients with secondary osteoporosis in Oman: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.33546","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9080-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasser","family":"Al-Salmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Al-Belushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Al-Jahdhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalal","family":"Al-Dhahli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghania","family":"Al-Ghafri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jabeer","family":"Al-Khanbashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jokha Salim","family":"Al-Jahwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5729-3770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eilean Rathinasamy","family":"Lazarus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3091-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua Kanaabi","family":"Muliira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19163","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"163339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Jawaldeh, A., Taktouk, M., Haq, A., Arabi, A., Fuleihan, G. E.-H., Chakhtoura, M. T., Rahme, M., Antoun, S., & ElObeid, T. (2025). Vitamin D in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A technical guide. OSF Preprints. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/ekj5y","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/ekj5y"},{"key":"163340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqadasi, E. T., Chamroonsawasdi, K., Saejeng, K., & Nagi, M. A. (2024). Burden of non-communicable diseases in Health Council of Gulf Cooperation (GCC) countries. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 19(4), 877\u2013884. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtumed.2024.07.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtumed.2024.07.009"},{"key":"163341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhadada, S. K., & Hussain, M. S. (2025). Osteoporosis \u2013 A neglected non-communicable disease. International Journal of Noncommunicable Diseases, 10(2), 49\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jncd.jncd_74_25","DOI":"10.4103\/jncd.jncd_74_25"},{"key":"163342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brickley, M. B., Ives, R., & Mays, S. (2020). 7 - Secondary osteoporosis. In The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease (Second Edition) (pp. 165\u2013178). Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-101020-4.00007-0","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-101020-4.00007-0"},{"key":"163343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carey, J. J., Chih-Hsing Wu, P., & Bergin, D. (2022). Risk assessment tools for osteoporosis and fractures in 2022. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, 36(3), 101775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.berh.2022.101775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2022.101775"},{"key":"163344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DeLange Hudec, S. M., & Camacho, P. M. (2013). Secondary causes of osteoporosis. Endocrine Practice, 19(1), 120\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP12059.RA","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12059.RA"},{"key":"163345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desai, B. V., Qadri, M. N., & Vyas, B. A. (2022). Proton pump inhibitors and osteoporosis risk: Exploring the role of TRPM7 channel. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 78(1), 35\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00228-021-03237-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-021-03237-3"},{"key":"163346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebeling, P. R., Nguyen, H. H., Aleksova, J., Vincent, A. J., Wong, P., & Milat, F. (2022). Secondary osteoporosis. Endocrine Reviews, 43(2), 240\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnab028","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab028"},{"key":"163347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emadi, M., Delavari, S., & Bayati, M. (2021). Global socioeconomic inequality in the burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases and injuries: An analysis on global burden of disease study 2019. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-021-11793-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11793-7"},{"key":"163348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Favero, V., Eller-Vainicher, C., & Chiodini, I. (2023). Secondary osteoporosis: A still neglected condition. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(10), 8558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24108558","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108558"},{"key":"163349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, S., Al-Rawashdeh, A., Al-Qudah, R., Barakat, M., & Al-Bsoul, A. (2022). Characteristics of thyrotoxicosis among thyroid patients and their quality of life in a teaching hospital in Jordan: A cross-sectional study. Pharmacy Practice, 20(1), 2586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18549\/pharmpract.2022.1.2586","DOI":"10.18549\/PharmPract.2022.1.2586"},{"key":"163350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kashfi, S. S., Abdollahi, G., Hassanzadeh, J., Mokarami, H., & Khani Jeihooni, A. (2022). The relationship between osteoporosis and depression. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 11177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-15248-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15248-w"},{"key":"163351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalski, G. J., Bu\u0142a, G., \u017b\u0105d\u0142o, D., Gawrychowska, A., & Gawrychowski, J. (2020). Primary hyperparathyroidism. Endokrynologia Polska, 71(3), 260\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5603\/EP.a2020.0028","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2020.0028"},{"key":"163352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawati, A. A., AlZeedi, M., Zadjali, B. A., Meah, H., Hasani, S. A., Ghammari, K. A., & Muqeemi, A. A. (2023). Awareness of osteoporosis-related symptoms, risk factors, preventive measures, and treatment availability among female adults attending primary healthcare centers in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Journal of Community Medicine & Public Health Care 10, 137. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.24966\/CMPH-1978\/1000137","DOI":"10.24966\/CMPH-1978\/1000137"},{"key":"163353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewiecki, E. M. (2022). Evaluating patients for secondary causes of osteoporosis. Current Osteoporosis Reports, 20(1), 1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11914-022-00717-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00717-y"},{"key":"163354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Litwic, A. E., D\u0119bska-\u015alizie\u0144, A., & Dennison, E. (2021). Secondary osteoporosis. In E. Dennison (Ed.), Osteoporosis treatment: A clinical overview (pp. 177\u2013200). Springer International Publishing. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-78128-6_11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78128-6_11"},{"key":"163355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazurenko, E., Rymar, O., Rerikh, V., Khrapova, Y., Direev, A., Shcherbakova, L., & Malyutina, S. (2022). Risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases and osteoporotic fractures in a middle and elderly-aged population. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 12(9), 1475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm12091475","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12091475"},{"key":"163356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mi\u015bkiewicz-Orczyk, K., Pluskiewicz, W., Kos-Kud\u0142a, B., & Misio\u0142ek, M. (2023). Assessment of osteoporosis and vitamin D3 deficiency in patients with idiopathic Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV). Medicina, 59(5), 862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina59050862","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59050862"},{"key":"163357","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montoro-Huguet, M. A., Belloc, B., & Dom\u00ednguez-Cajal, M. (2021). Small and Large Intestine (I): Malabsorption of Nutrients. Nutrients, 13(4), 1254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13041254","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041254"},{"key":"163358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rayner-Myers, S. D., Hunter, K., & Pituskin, E. (2022). Direct and indirect mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced bone loss in adjuvant breast cancer: An Iitegrative review. Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 38(2), 151280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.soncn.2022.151280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2022.151280"},{"key":"163359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sampat, N. A., AlRizeiqi, M., Mohamed Essa, M., Al-Subhi, L., Al-Adawi, S., & Qoronfleh, M. W. (2024). Assessing general knowledge and nutritional knowledge on the role of vitamin D, attitudes, and behavior toward sun exposure among tertiary students in Oman. Advances in Public Health, 2024(1), 9544155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2024\/9544155","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/9544155"},{"key":"163360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valladales-Restrepo, L. F., Vargas-Diaz, K., Pe\u00f1a-Verjan, N. M., Jaramillo-Sep\u00falveda, S., & Machado-Alba, J. E. (2022). Pharmacological management, and potentially inappropriate prescriptions in patients with osteoporosis. Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 17(5), 455\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17446651.2022.2112177","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2022.2112177"},{"key":"163361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., G\u00f8tzsche, P. C., & Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2007). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. The Lancet, 370(9596), 1453\u20131457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61602-X"},{"key":"163362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L.-T., Chen, L.-R., & Chen, K.-H. (2023). Hormone-related and drug-induced osteoporosis: A cellular and molecular overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(6), 5814. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24065814","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065814"},{"key":"163363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, P. L., Cui, A. Y., Hsu, C. J., Peng, R., Jiang, N., Xu, X. H., Ma, Y. G., Liu, D., & Lu, H. D. (2022). Global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporosis International, 33(10), 2137\u20132153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00198-022-06454-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06454-3"},{"key":"163364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamani, M., Zamani, V., Heidari, B., Parsian, H., & Esmaeilnejad-Ganji, S. M. (2018). Prevalence of osteoporosis with the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Osteoporosis, 13(1), 129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11657-018-0540-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-018-0540-7"}],"container-title":["Belitung Nursing Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.belitungraya.org\/BRP\/index.php\/bnj\/article\/download\/4689\/1445","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.belitungraya.org\/BRP\/index.php\/bnj\/article\/download\/4689\/1469","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.belitungraya.org\/BRP\/index.php\/bnj\/article\/download\/4689\/1445","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T06:07:41Z","timestamp":1792562861000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.belitungraya.org\/BRP\/index.php\/bnj\/article\/view\/4689"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33546\/bnj.4689","relation":{},"ISSN":["2477-4073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2477-4073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-01","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}