{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:14:59Z","timestamp":1772626499729,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is a common disorder associated with upper airway muscle dysfunction. Agents that improve respiratory muscle performance may have considerable therapeutic value. We examined the effects of acute exposure to sustained and intermittent hypoxia on rat pharyngeal dilator muscle function. Additionally, we sought to test the efficacy of antioxidant treatment in ameliorating or preventing hypoxia-related muscle dysfunction. Isometric contractile and endurance properties of isolated rat sternohyoid muscle bundles were examined at 35 \u00b0C in vitro. Muscle bundles were exposed to one of four gas treatments: hyperoxia (control), sustained hypoxia (SH), intermittent hypoxia (IH) or hypoxia\/re-oxygenation (HR), in the absence or presence of the superoxide scavenger \u2013 Tempol (10 mM). Stress-frequency relationship was determined in response to electrical stimulation (10-100 Hz in increments of 10-20 Hz, train duration: 300 ms). Muscle performance was also assessed during repetitive muscle stimulation (40 Hz, 300 ms every 2 s for 2.5 min). Compared to control, IH and HR treatments significantly decreased sternohyoid muscle force. The negative inotropic effect of the two gas protocols was similar, but both were of lesser magnitude than the effects of SH. SH, but not IH and HR, increased muscle fatigue. Tempol significantly increased sensitivity to stimulation in all muscle preparations and caused a leftward shift in the stress-frequency relationship of IH and SH treated muscles. Tempol did not ameliorate sternohyoid muscle fatigue during SH. We conclude that Tempol increases upper airway muscle sensitivity to stimulation but only modestly ameliorates respiratory muscle weakness during intermittent and sustained hypoxic conditions in vitro. Respiratory muscle fatigue during sustained hypoxia appears unrelated to oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.932405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,25]],"date-time":"2020-06-25T07:22:45Z","timestamp":1593069765000},"page":"187-196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Upper Airway Dilator Muscle Weakness Following Intermittent and Sustained Hypoxia in the Rat: Effects of a Superoxide Scavenger"],"prefix":"10.33549","author":[{"given":"J. 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