{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:16:43Z","timestamp":1791670603848,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to profound metabolic and hemodynamic changes, which damage other organs, such as heart and brain. The brain abnormalities and cognitive deficit progress with the severity of the CKD and are mostly expressed among hemodialysis patients. They have great socio-economic impact. In this review, we present the current knowledge of involved mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T21:54:28Z","timestamp":1608674068000},"page":"1013-1028","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Review of the structural and functional brain changes associated with chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.33549","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Michna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":", Srobarova 50, 100 34 Praha 10, Czech Republic. martin.michna@fnkv.cz"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Kovarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Valerianova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Malikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Weichet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"19169","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ADESSO S, MAGNUS T, CUZZOCREA S, CAMPOLO M, RISSIEK B, PACIELLO O, AUTORE G, PINTO A, MARZOCCO S: Indoxyl Sulfate Affects Glial Function Increasing Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease: Interaction between Astrocytes and Microglia. Front Pharmacol 8: 370, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2017.00370","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00370"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"AKOUDAD S, PORTEGIES ML, KOUDSTAAL PJ, HOFMAN A, VAN DER LUGT A, IKRAM MA, VERNOOIJ MW: Cerebral microbleeds are associated with an increased risk of stroke: the Rotterdam study. Circulation 132: 509-516, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016261","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.115.016261"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ARNOLD R, ISSAR T, KRISHNAN AV, PUSSELL BA: Neurological complications in chronic kidney disease. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 5: 2048004016677687, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2048004016677687","DOI":"10.1177\/2048004016677687"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"ASSOCIATION AP: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae). 2013."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BROUNS R, DE DEYN PP: Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 107: 1-16, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.07.012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2004.07.012"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"BRUCK K, STEL VS, GAMBARO G, HALLAN S, VOLZKE H, ARNLOV J, KASTARINEN M, GUESSOUS I, VINHAS J, STENGEL B, BRENNER H, CHUDEK J, ROMUNDSTAD S, TOMSON C, GONZALEZ AO, BELLO AK, FERRIERES J, PALMIERI L, BROWNE G, CAPUANO V, VAN BIESEN W, ZOCCALI C, GANSEVOORT R, NAVIS G, ROTHENBACHER D, FERRARO PM, NITSCH D, WANNER C, JAGER KJ, EUROPEAN CKDBC: CKD prevalence varies across the European general population. J Am Soc Nephrol 27: 2135-2147, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2015050542","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2015050542"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"BUGNICOURT JM, GODEFROY O, CHILLON JM, CHOUKROUN G, MASSY ZA: Cognitive disorders and dementia in CKD: the neglected kidney-brain axis. J Am Soc Nephrol 24: 353-363, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2012050536","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2012050536"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CATCHLOVE SJ, MACPHERSON H, HUGHES ME, CHEN Y, PARRISH TB, PIPINGAS A: An investigation of cerebral oxygen utilization, blood flow and cognition in healthy aging. PLoS One 13: e0197055, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0197055","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0197055"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CHEN HJ, WANG YF, WEN J, XU Q, LU GM, ZHANG LJ: Functional-structural relationship in large-scale brain networks of patients with end stage renal disease after kidney transplantation: A longitudinal study. Hum Brain Mapp 41: 328-341, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hbm.24804","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24804"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CHEN JJ, ROSAS HD, SALAT DH: Age-associated reductions in cerebral blood flow are independent from regional atrophy. Neuroimage 55: 468-478, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.12.032"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CHENG BC, CHEN PC, CHEN PC, LU CH, HUANG YC, CHOU KH, LI SH, LIN AN, LIN WC: Decreased cerebral blood flow and improved cognitive function in patients with end-stage renal disease after peritoneal dialysis: An arterial spin-labelling study. Eur Radiol 29: 1415-1424, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-018-5675-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-018-5675-9"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"CHOU MC, HSIEH TJ, LIN YL, HSIEH YT, LI WZ, CHANG JM, KO CH, KAO EF, JAW TS, LIU GC: Widespread white matter alterations in patients with end-stage renal disease: a voxelwise diffusion tensor imaging study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 34: 1945-1951, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A3511","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.a3511"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DANEMAN R, PRAT A: The blood-brain barrier. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 7: a020412, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020412"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DE DEYN PP, D'HOOGE R, VAN BOGAERT PP, MARESCAU B: Endogenous guanidino compounds as uremic neurotoxins. Kidney Int Suppl 78: S77-83, 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1755.59.s78.51.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.59.s78.51.x"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DEGUCHI T, ISOZAKI K, YOUSUKE K, TERASAKI T, OTAGIRI M: Involvement of organic anion transporters in the efflux of uremic toxins across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 96: 1051-1059, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03550.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03550.x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DOBRIAN AD: ADMA and NOS regulation in chronic renal disease: beyond the old rivalry for l-arginine. Kidney Int 81: 722-724, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2011.496","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.496"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DREW DA, KOO BB, BHADELIA R, WEINER DE, DUNCAN S, LA GARZA MM, GUPTA A, TIGHIOUART H, SCOTT T, SARNAK MJ: White matter damage in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a diffusion tensor imaging study. BMC Nephrol 18: 213, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-017-0628-0","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0628-0"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ELIAS MF, DORE GA, DAVEY A: Kidney disease and cognitive function. Contrib Nephrol 179: 42-57, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000346722","DOI":"10.1159\/000346722"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ENGELHARDT B, LIEBNER S: Novel insights into the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. Cell Tissue Res 355: 687-699, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00441-014-1811-2","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-014-1811-2"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ETGEN T, CHONCHOL M, FORSTL H, SANDER D: Chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Nephrol 35: 474-482, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000338135","DOI":"10.1159\/000338135"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"FINDLAY MD, DAWSON J, DICKIE DA, FORBES KP, MCGLYNN D, QUINN T, MARK PB: Investigating the relationship between cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 30: 147-158, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2018050462","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2018050462"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"FRATIGLIONI L, QIU C: Prevention of cognitive decline in ageing: dementia as the target, delayed onset as the goal. Lancet Neurol 10: 778-779, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70145-4","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(11)70145-4"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"FREEDMAN BI, SINK KM, HUGENSCHMIDT CE, HUGHES TM, WILLIAMSON JD, WHITLOW CT, PALMER ND, MILLER ME, LOVATO LC, XU J, SMITH SC, LAUNER LJ, BARZILAY JI, COHEN RM, SULLIVAN MD, BRYAN RN, WAGNER BC, BOWDEN DW, MALDJIAN JA, DIVERS J, AA-DHS M, INVESTIGATORS AM: Associations of Early Kidney Disease With Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cognitive Function in African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Kidney Dis 70: 627-637, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.05.006","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.05.006"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GESUALDO GD, DUARTE JG, ZAZZETTA MS, KUSUMOTA L, SAY KG, PAVARINI SCI, ORLANDI FS: Cognitive impairment of patients with chronic renal disease on hemodialysis and its relationship with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Dement Neuropsychol 11: 221-226, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1980-57642016dn11-030003","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642016dn11-030003"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GRIVA K, STYGALL J, HANKINS M, DAVENPORT A, HARRISON M, NEWMAN SP: Cognitive impairment and 7-year mortality in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 56: 693-703, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.07.003","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.07.003"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GUILLEMIN GJ: Quinolinic acid, the inescapable neurotoxin. FEBS J 279: 1356-1365, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08485.x"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GUPTA A, LEPPING RJ, YU AS, PEREA RD, HONEA RA, JOHNSON DK, BROOKS WM, BURNS JM: Cognitive Function and White Matter Changes Associated with Renal Transplantation. Am J Nephrol 43: 50-57, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000444334","DOI":"10.1159\/000444334"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HALLMANN R, HORN N, SELG M, WENDLER O, PAUSCH F, SOROKIN LM: Expression and function of laminins in the embryonic and mature vasculature. Physiol Rev 85: 979-1000, 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00014.2004","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2004"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HILL NR, FATOBA ST, OKE JL, HIRST JA, O'CALLAGHAN CA, LASSERSON DS, HOBBS FD: Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 11: e0158765, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HIRAKATA H, YAO H, OSATO S, IBAYASHI S, ONOYAMA K, OTSUKA M, ICHIYA Y, KUWABARA Y, MASUDA Y, FUJISHIMA M: CBF and oxygen metabolism in hemodialysis patients: effects of anemia correction with recombinant human EPO. Am J Physiol 262: F737-743, 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajprenal.1992.262.5.F737","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1992.262.5.f737"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HOSHINO T, OOKAWARA S, GOTO S, MIYAZAWA H, ITO K, UEDA Y, KAKU Y, HIRAI K, NABATA A, MORI H, YOSHIDA I, TABEI K: Evaluation of cerebral oxygenation in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract 126: 57-61, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000358432","DOI":"10.1159\/000358432"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HOSOYA K, TACHIKAWA M: Roles of organic anion\/cation transporters at the blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers involving uremic toxins. Clin Exp Nephrol 15: 478-485, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10157-011-0460-y","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-011-0460-y"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"HUANG J, LI J, FENG C, HUANG X, WONG L, LIU X, NIE Z, XI G: Blood-brain barrier damage as the starting point of leukoaraiosis caused by cerebral chronic hypoperfusion and its involved mechanisms: effect of agrin and aquaporin-4. Biomed Res Int 2018: 2321797, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2018\/2321797","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2321797"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HUGO J, GANGULI M: Dementia and cognitive impairment: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Geriatr Med 30: 421-442, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2014.04.001"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IADECOLA C: The neurovascular unit coming of age: a journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease. Neuron 96: 17-42, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ITO K, OOKAWARA S, UEDA Y, GOTO S, MIYAZAWA H, YAMADA H, KITANO T, SHINDO M, KAKU Y, HIRAI K, YOSHIDA M, HOSHINO T, NABATA A, MORI H, YOSHIDA I, KAKEI M, TABEI K: Factors affecting cerebral oxygenation in hemodialysis patients: cerebral oxygenation associates with pH, hemodialysis duration, serum albumin concentration, and diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 10: e0117474, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117474"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"IYASERE O, OKAI D, BROWN E: Cognitive function and advanced kidney disease: longitudinal trends and impact on decision-making. Clin Kidney J 10: 89-94, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ckj\/sfw128","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw128"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JABBARI B, VAZIRI ND: The nature, consequences, and management of neurological disorders in chronic kidney disease. Hemodial Int 22: 150-160, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hdi.12587","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12587"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JHA V, GARCIA-GARCIA G, ISEKI K, LI Z, NAICKER S, PLATTNER B, SARAN R, WANG AY, YANG CW: Chronic kidney disease: global dimension and perspectives. Lancet 382: 260-272, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60687-X","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(13)60687-x"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JIANG XL, WEN JQ, ZHANG LJ, ZHENG G, LI X, ZHANG Z, LIU Y, ZHENG LJ, WU L, CHEN HJ, KONG X, LUO S, LU GM, JI XM, ZHANG ZJ: Cerebral blood flow changes in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients: an arterial-spin labeling MR imaging. Metab Brain Dis 31: 929-936, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11011-016-9829-7","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9829-7"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JIN M WL, WANG H, HAN X, DIAO Z, GUO W, YANG Z, DING H, WANG Z, ZHANG P, ZHAO P, LV H, LIU W, WANG Z: Disturbed neurovascular coupling in hemodialysis patients. PeerJ 8:e8989, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.8989","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8989"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"JING W, JABBARI B, VAZIRI ND: Uremia induces upregulation of cerebral tissue oxidative\/inflammatory cascade, down-regulation of Nrf2 pathway and disruption of blood brain barrier. Am J Transl Res 10: 2137-2147, 2018."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"JOSHEE P, WOOD AG, WOOD ER, GRUNFELD EA: Meta-analysis of cognitive functioning in patients following kidney transplantation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 33: 1268-1277, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfx240","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx240"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KEANEY J, CAMPBELL M: The dynamic blood-brain barrier. FEBS J 282: 4067-4079, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/febs.13412","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.13412"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KHATRI M, WRIGHT CB, NICKOLAS TL, YOSHITA M, PAIK MC, KRANWINKEL G, SACCO RL, DECARLI C: Chronic kidney disease is associated with white matter hyperintensity volume: the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Stroke 38: 3121-3126, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.493593","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.107.493593"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KNOPMAN DS, MOSLEY TH, JR., BAILEY KR, JACK CR JR., SCHWARTZ GL, TURNER ST: Associations of microalbuminuria with brain atrophy and white matter hyperintensities in hypertensive sibships. J Neurol Sci 271: 53-60, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2008.03.009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.03.009"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KOBAYASHI M, HIRAWA N, YATSU K, KOBAYASHI Y, YAMAMOTO Y, SAKA S, ANDOH D, TOYA Y, YASUDA G, UMEMURA S: Relationship between silent brain infarction and chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24: 201-207, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfn419","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfn419"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KOBAYASHI S, IKEDA T, MORIYA H, OHTAKE T, KUMAGAI H: Asymptomatic cerebral lacunae in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 44: 35-41, 2004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.03.026","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.03.026"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KONG X, WEN JQ, QI RF, LUO S, ZHONG JH, CHEN HJ, JI GJ, LU GM, ZHANG LJ: Diffuse interstitial brain edema in patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis: a tract-based spatial statistics study. Medicine (Baltimore) 93: e313, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000000313","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000000313"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KONTOS HA, RAPER AJ, PATTERSON JL: Analysis of vasoactivity of local pH, PCO2 and bicarbonate on pial vessels. Stroke 8: 358-360, 1977. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.STR.8.3.358","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.8.3.358"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"KRISHNAN AV, KIERNAN MC: Neurological complications of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Neurol 5: 542-551, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.138","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.138"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LAMEIRE N, VANHOLDER R, DE SMET R: Uremic toxins and peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int Suppl 78: S292-297, 2001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.07820.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2001.59780292.x"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LASSEN NA: Normal average value of cerebral blood flow in younger adults is 50 ml\/100 g\/min. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 5: 347-349, 1985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.1985.48","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1985.48"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LAU WL, NUNES ACF, VASILEVKO V, FLORIOLLI D, LERTPANIT L, SAVOJ J, BANGASH M, YAO Z, SHAH K, NAQVI S, PAGANINI-HILL A, VAZIRI ND, CRIBBS DH, FISHER M: Chronic kidney disease increases cerebral microbleeds in mouse and man. Transl Stroke Res 11: 122-134, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-019-00698-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00698-8"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LEE CT, KUO CC, CHEN YM, HSU CY, LEE WC, TSAI YC, NG HY, KUO LC, CHIOU TT, YANG YK, CHENG BC, CHEN JB: Factors associated with blood concentrations of indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 30: 456-463, 2010a. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3747\/pdi.2009.00092","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2009.00092"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LEE MC, TING KK, ADAMS S, BREW BJ, CHUNG R, GUILLEMIN GJ: Characterisation of the expression of NMDA receptors in human astrocytes. PLoS One 5: e14123, 2010b. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0014123","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014123"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LEENDERS KL, PERANI D, LAMMERTSMA AA, HEATHER JD, BUCKINGHAM P, HEALY MJ, GIBBS JM, WISE RJ, HATAZAWA J, HEROLD S, et al.: Cerebral blood flow, blood volume and oxygen utilization. Normal values and effect of age. Brain 113 (Pt 1): 27-47, 1990. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/113.1.27","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/113.1.27"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LIN YT, WU PH, LEE HH, MUBANGA M, CHEN CS, KUO MC, CHIU YW, KUO PL, HWANG SJ: Indole-3 acetic acid increased risk of impaired cognitive function in patients receiving hemodialysis. Neurotoxicology 73: 85-91, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.02.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.02.019"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LISOWSKA-MYJAK B: Uremic toxins and their effects on multiple organ systems. Nephron Clin Pract 128: 303-311, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000369817","DOI":"10.1159\/000369817"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LIU CY, YANG Y, JU WN, WANG X, ZHANG HL: Emerging Roles of Astrocytes in Neuro-Vascular Unit and the Tripartite Synapse With Emphasis on Reactive Gliosis in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 12: 193, 2018a. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2018.00193","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00193"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LIU HS, HARTUNG EA, JAWAD AF, WARE JB, LANEY N, PORT AM, GUR RC, HOOPER SR, RADCLIFFE J, FURTH SL, DETRE JA: Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Children and Young Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease. Radiology 288: 849-858, 2018b. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2018171339","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018171339"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LIU S, AGALLIU D, YU C, FISHER M: The role of pericytes in blood-brain barrier function and stroke. Curr Pharm Des 18: 3653-3662, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138161212802002706","DOI":"10.2174\/138161212802002706"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"LIU WC, TOMINO Y, LU KC: Impacts of Indoxyl Sulfate and p-Cresol Sulfate on Chronic Kidney Disease and Mitigating Effects of AST-120. Toxins (Basel) 10: 2018c. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins10090367","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10090367"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MACEWEN C, SUTHERLAND S, DALY J, PUGH C, TARASSENKO L: Relationship between Hypotension and Cerebral Ischemia during Hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 28: 2511-2520, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2016060704","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2016060704"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MALIK J: Heart disease in chronic kidney disease - review of the mechanisms and the role of dialysis access. J Vasc Access 19: 3-11, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/jva.5000815","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000815"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MALIK J, KUDLICKA J, LACHMANOVA J, VALERIANOVA A, ROCINOVA K, BARTKOVA M, TESAR V: Tissue ischemia worsens during hemodialysis in end-stage renal disease patients. J Vasc Access no. 10.5301\/jva.50006300, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5301\/jva.5000630","DOI":"10.5301\/jva.5000630"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MALKIEWICZ MA, SZARMACH A, SABISZ A, CUBALA WJ, SZUROWSKA E, WINKLEWSKI PJ: Blood-brain barrier permeability and physical exercise. J Neuroinflammation 16: 15, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-019-1403-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1403-x"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MALYSZKO J: Mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 411: 1412-1420, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2010.06.019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.06.019"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MANSOUR A, RASHAD S, NIIZUMA K, FUJIMURA M, TOMINAGA T: A novel model of cerebral hyperperfusion with blood-brain barrier breakdown, white matter injury, and cognitive dysfunction. J Neurosurg no. 10.3171\/2019.7.JNS192121-13, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2019.7.JNS19212","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.7.jns19212"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MARZOCCO S, POPOLO A, BIANCO G, PINTO A, AUTORE G: Pro-apoptotic effect of methylguanidine on hydrogen peroxide-treated rat glioma cell line. Neurochem Int 57: 518-524, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.06.016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2010.06.016"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MASSON P, WEBSTER AC, HONG M, TURNER R, LINDLEY RI, CRAIG JC: Chronic kidney disease and the risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 30: 1162-1169, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfv009","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv009"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MATHEW RJ, RABIN P, STONE WJ, WILSON WH: Regional cerebral blood flow in dialysis encephalopathy and primary degenerative dementia. Kidney Int 28: 64-68, 1985. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.1985.119","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1985.119"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MAZUMDER MK, PAUL R, BHATTACHARYA P, BORAH A: Neurological sequel of chronic kidney disease: From diminished Acetylcholinesterase activity to mitochondrial dysfunctions, oxidative stress and inflammation in mice brain. Sci Rep 9: 3097, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-37935-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37935-3"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MCQUILLAN R, JASSAL SV: Neuropsychiatric complications of chronic kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 6: 471-479, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2010.83","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.83"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MEYER TW, HOSTETTER TH: Approaches to uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 25: 2151-2158, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2013121264","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2013121264"},{"key":"ref75","unstructured":"MOERMAN A, WOUTERS P: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring in contemporary anesthesia and critical care. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 61: 185-194, 2010."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MURRAY AM: Cognitive impairment in the aging dialysis and chronic kidney disease populations: an occult burden. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 15: 123-132, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.ackd.2008.01.010","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2008.01.010"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MURRAY AM, TUPPER DE, KNOPMAN DS, GILBERTSON DT, PEDERSON SL, LI S, SMITH GE, HOCHHALTER AK, COLLINS AJ, KANE RL: Cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients is common. Neurology 67: 216-223, 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.wnl.0000225182.15532.40","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000225182.15532.40"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NAYAK-RAO S, SHENOY MP: Stroke in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease...: How do we Approach and Manage it? Indian J Nephrol 27: 167-171, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0971-4065.202405","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.202405"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NETTO JP, ILIFF J, STANIMIROVIC D, KROHN KA, HAMILTON B, VARALLYAY C, GAHRAMANOV S, DALDRUP-LINK H, D'ESTERRE C, ZLOKOVIC B, SAIR H, LEE Y, TAHERI S, JAIN R, PANIGRAHY A, REICH DS, DREWES LR, CASTILLO M, NEUWELT EA: Neurovascular Unit: Basic and Clinical Imaging with Emphasis on Advantages of Ferumoxytol. Neurosurgery 82: 770-780, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyx357","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx357"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OBERMEIER B, DANEMAN R, RANSOHOFF RM: Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Nat Med 19: 1584-1596, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nm.3407","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OHTSUKI S, ASABA H, TAKANAGA H, DEGUCHI T, HOSOYA K, OTAGIRI M, TERASAKI T: Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain. J Neurochem 83: 57-66, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01108.x","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01108.x"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OLIVA-DAMASO E, OLIVA-DAMASO N, RODRIGUEZ-ESPARRAGON F, PAYAN J, BAAMONDE-LABORDA E, GONZALEZ-CABRERA F, SANTANA-ESTUPINAN R, RODRIGUEZ-PEREZ JC: Asymmetric (ADMA) and Symmetric (SDMA) Dimethylarginines in chronic kidney disease: a clinical approach. Int J Mol Sci 20: 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20153668","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153668"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OVBIAGELE B, WING JJ, MENON RS, BURGESS RE, GIBBONS MC, SOBOTKA I, GERMAN L, SHARA NM, FERNANDEZ S, JAYAM-TROUTH A, EDWARDS DF, KIDWELL CS: Association of chronic kidney disease with cerebral microbleeds in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 44: 2409-2413, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001958","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.113.001958"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"PALMER AM: The role of the blood-CNS barrier in CNS disorders and their treatment. Neurobiol Dis 37: 3-12, 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.029"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PAPADOPOULOS G, DOUNOUSI E, PAPATHANASIOU A, PAPATHANAKOS G, TZIMAS P: Cerebral oximetry values in dialyzed surgical patients: a comparison between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Ren Fail 35: 855-859, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/0886022X.2013.794675","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022x.2013.794675"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PENG Q, SUN W, LIU W, LIU R, HUANG Y, GROUP CS: Longitudinal relationship between chronic kidney disease and distribution of cerebral microbleeds in patients with ischemic stroke. J Neurol Sci 362: 1-6, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.01.015"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PHAM NM, RECHT NS, HOSTETTER TH, MEYER TW: Removal of the protein-bound solutes indican and p-cresol sulfate by peritoneal dialysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 85-90, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.02570607","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.02570607"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PI HC, XU YF, XU R, YANG ZK, QU Z, CHEN YQ, LIU GL, DONG J: Cognitive Impairment and Structural Neuroimaging Abnormalities Among Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Blood Press Res 41: 986-996, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000452603","DOI":"10.1159\/000452603"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"POLINDER-BOS HA, GARCIA DV, KUIPERS J, ELTING JWJ, ARIES MJH, KRIJNEN WP, GROEN H, WILLEMSEN ATM, VAN LAAR PJ, STRIJKERT F, LUURTSEMA G, SLART R, WESTERHUIS R, GANSEVOORT RT, GAILLARD C, FRANSSEN CFM: Hemodialysis Induces an Acute Decline in Cerebral Blood Flow in Elderly Patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 29: 1317-1325, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2017101088","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2017101088"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"PROHOVNIK I, POST J, URIBARRI J, LEE H, SANDU O, LANGHOFF E: Cerebrovascular effects of hemodialysis in chronic kidney disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27: 1861-1869, 2007. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600478","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600478"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"QIU Y, LV X, SU H, JIANG G, LI C, TIAN J: Structural and functional brain alterations in end stage renal disease patients on routine hemodialysis: a voxel-based morphometry and resting state functional connectivity study. PLoS One 9: e98346, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0098346","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098346"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"REINECKE H, BRAND E, MESTERS R, SCHABITZ WR, FISHER M, PAVENSTADT H, BREITHARDT G: Dilemmas in the management of atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 20: 705-711, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2007111207","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2007111207"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SEDAGHAT S, VERNOOIJ MW, LOEHRER E, MATTACE-RASO FU, HOFMAN A, VAN DER LUGT A, FRANCO OH, DEHGHAN A, IKRAM MA: Kidney Function and Cerebral Blood Flow: The Rotterdam Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 27: 715-721, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2014111118","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2014111118"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SETIADI A, KORIM WS, ELSAAFIEN K, YAO ST: The role of the blood-brain barrier in hypertension. Exp Physiol 103: 337-342, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/EP086434","DOI":"10.1113\/ep086434"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SHARIF Y, JUMAH F, COPLAN L, KROSSER A, SHARIF K, TUBBS RS: Blood brain barrier: A review of its anatomy and physiology in health and disease. Clin Anat 31: 812-823, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23083","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23083"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SHIMA H, ISHIMURA E, NAGANUMA T, ICHII M, YAMASAKI T, MORI K, NAKATANI T, INABA M: Decreased kidney function is a significant factor associated with silent cerebral infarction and periventricular hyperintensities. Kidney Blood Press Res 34: 430-438, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000328722","DOI":"10.1159\/000328722"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SHIMA H, MORI T, OOI M, SONODA M, SHOJI T, ISHIMURA E, OKAMURA M, ISHIZAKA N, INABA M: Silent cerebral microbleeds and longitudinal risk of renal and cardiovascular events in patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11: 1557-1565, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2215\/CJN.13481215","DOI":"10.2215\/cjn.13481215"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"SINK KM, DIVERS J, WHITLOW CT, PALMER ND, SMITH SC, XU J, HUGENSCHMIDT CE, WAGNER BC, WILLIAMSON JD, BOWDEN DW, MALDJIAN JA, FREEDMAN BI: Cerebral structural changes in diabetic kidney disease: African American-Diabetes Heart Study MIND. Diabetes Care 38: 206-212, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc14-1231","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1231"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"STAMATOVIC SM, KEEP RF, ANDJELKOVIC AV: Brain endothelial cell-cell junctions: how to \"open\" the blood brain barrier. Curr Neuropharmacol 6: 179-192, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157015908785777210","DOI":"10.2174\/157015908785777210"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"STUBBS JR, HOUSE JA, OCQUE AJ, ZHANG S, JOHNSON C, KIMBER C, SCHMIDT K, GUPTA A, WETMORE JB, NOLIN TD, SPERTUS JA, YU AS: Serum Trimethylamine-N-Oxide is Elevated in CKD and Correlates with Coronary Atherosclerosis Burden. J Am Soc Nephrol 27: 305-313, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1681\/ASN.2014111063","DOI":"10.1681\/asn.2014111063"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TAMURA MK, PAJEWSKI NM, BRYAN RN, WEINER DE, DIAMOND M, VAN BUREN P, TAYLOR A, BEDDHU S, ROSENDORFF C, JAHANIAN H, ZAHARCHUK G, GROUP SSR: Chronic kidney disease, cerebral blood flow, and white matter volume in hypertensive adults. Neurology 86: 1208-1216, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002527","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000002527"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TAMURA MK, YAFFE K: Dementia and cognitive impairment in ESRD: diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Kidney Int 79: 14-22, 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ki.2010.336","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.336"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TARUMI T, ZHANG R: Cerebral blood flow in normal aging adults: cardiovascular determinants, clinical implications, and aerobic fitness. J Neurochem 144: 595-608, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.14234","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14234"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TASKER RC: Brain vascular and hydrodynamic physiology. Semin Pediatr Surg 22: 168-173, 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2013.10.003","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2013.10.003"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"TING KK, BREW BJ, GUILLEMIN GJ: Effect of quinolinic acid on human astrocytes morphology and functions: implications in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 6: 36, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-6-36","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-6-36"},{"key":"ref106","unstructured":"TRIPATHI M, VIBHA D: Reversible dementias. Indian J Psychiatry 51 Suppl 1: S52-55, 2009."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"TSURUYA K, YOSHIDA H: Brain Atrophy and Cognitive Impairment in Chronic Kidney Disease. Contrib Nephrol 196: 27-36, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000485694","DOI":"10.1159\/000485694"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"UENO M, TOMIMOTO H, AKIGUCHI I, WAKITA H, SAKAMOTO H: Blood-brain barrier disruption in white matter lesions in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22: 97-104, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00004647-200201000-00012","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200201000-00012"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VALERIANOVA A, LACHMANOVA J, KOVAROVA L, KMENTOVA T, BARTKOVA M, MALIK J: Factors responsible for cerebral hypoxia in hemodialysis population. Physiol Res 68: 651-658, 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.934064","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.934064"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VAN SANDWIJK MS, TEN BERGE IJ, MAJOIE CB, CAAN MW, DE SONNEVILLE LM, VAN GOOL WA, BEMELMAN FJ: Cognitive Changes in Chronic Kidney Disease and After Transplantation. Transplantation 100: 734-742, 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/TP.0000000000000968","DOI":"10.1097\/tp.0000000000000968"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VANHOLDER R, MEERT N, VAN BIESEN W, MEYER T, HOSTETTER T, DHONDT A, ELOOT S: Why do patients on peritoneal dialysis have low blood levels of protein-bound solutes? Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 5: 130-131, 2009. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpneph1023","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph1023"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VANHOLDER RC, GLORIEUX G, DE SMET R, DE DEYN PP: Low water-soluble uremic toxins. Adv Ren Replace Ther 10: 257-269, 2003. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.arrt.2003.08.003","DOI":"10.1053\/j.arrt.2003.08.003"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VARATHARAJ A, GALEA I: The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 60: 1-12, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VAVILALA MS, LEE LA, LAM AM: Cerebral blood flow and vascular physiology. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 20: 247-264, v, 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0889-8537(01)00012-8","DOI":"10.1016\/s0889-8537(01)00012-8"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VEMURI P, KNOPMAN DS, JACK CR, JR., LUNDT ES, WEIGAND SD, ZUK SM, THOSTENSON KB, REID RI, KANTARCI K, SLININ Y, LAKSHMINARAYAN K, DAVEY CS, MURRAY A: Association of Kidney Function Biomarkers with Brain MRI Findings: The BRINK Study. J Alzheimers Dis 55: 1069-1082, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-160834","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-160834"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VIGGIANO D, WAGNER CA, BLANKESTIJN PJ, BRUCHFELD A, FLISER D, FOUQUE D, FRISCHE S, GESUALDO L, GUTIERREZ E, GOUMENOS D, HOORN EJ, ECKARDT KU, KNAUSS S, KONIG M, MALYSZKO J, MASSY Z, NITSCH D, PESCE F, RYCHLIK I, SOLER MJ, SPASOVSKI G, STEVENS KI, TREPICCIONE F, WANNER C, WIECEK A, ZOCCALI C, UNWIN R, CAPASSO G: Mild cognitive impairment and kidney disease: clinical aspects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 35: 10-17, 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfz051","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz051"},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VOGELS SC, EMMELOT-VONK MH, VERHAAR HJ, KOEK HL: The association of chronic kidney disease with brain lesions on MRI or CT: a systematic review. Maturitas 71: 331-336, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.01.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.01.008"},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"VORSTRUP S, LASS P, WALDEMAR G, BRANDI L, SCHMIDT JF, JOHNSEN A, PAULSON OB: Increased cerebral blood flow in anemic patients on long-term hemodialytic treatment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12: 745-749, 1992. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.1992.105","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1992.105"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"WADA M, NAGASAWA H, ISEKI C, TAKAHASHI Y, SATO H, ARAWAKA S, KAWANAMI T, KURITA K, DAIMON M, KATO T: Cerebral small vessel disease and chronic kidney disease (CKD): results of a cross-sectional study in community-based Japanese elderly. J Neurol Sci 272: 36-42, 2008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2008.04.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.04.029"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"WAGNER M, JURCOANE A, VOLZ S, MAGERKURTH J, ZANELLA FE, NEUMANN-HAEFELIN T, DEICHMANN R, SINGER OC, HATTINGEN E: Age-related changes of cerebral autoregulation: new insights with quantitative T2'-mapping and pulsed arterial spin-labeling MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 33: 2081-2087, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A3138","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.a3138"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"WEBSTER AC, NAGLER EV, MORTON RL, MASSON P: Chronic Kidney Disease. Lancet 389: 1238-1252, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32064-5","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(16)32064-5"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"WILLIAMS LR, LEGGETT RW: Reference values for resting blood flow to organs of man. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 10: 187-217, 1989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0143-0815\/10\/3\/001","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0815\/10\/3\/001"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"XIAO L, LAN W, SUN W, DAI Q, XIONG Y, LI L, ZHOU Y, ZHENG P, FAN W, MA N, GUO Z, CHEN X, XIE X, XU L, ZHU W, XU G, LIU X: Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients With Lacunar Stroke: Association With Enlarged Perivascular Spaces and Total Magnetic Resonance Imaging Burden of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Stroke 46: 2081-2086, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.008155","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.114.008155"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"YASUI-FURUKORI N, TARAKITA N, UEMATSU W, SAITO H, NAKAMURA K, OHYAMA C, SUGAWARA N: Delirium in hemodialysis predicts mortality: a single-center, long-term observational study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 13: 3011-3016, 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/NDT.S152355","DOI":"10.2147\/ndt.s152355"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"YIN Y, LI M, LI C, MA X, YAN J, WANG T, FU S, HUA K, WU Y, ZHAN W, JIANG G: Reduced White Matter Integrity With Cognitive Impairments in End Stage Renal Disease. Front Psychiatry 9: 143, 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00143","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00143"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ZEPEDA-OROZCO D, QUIGLEY R: Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 27: 2205-2211, 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-012-2199-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-012-2199-4"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ZHANG R, LIU K, YANG L, ZHOU T, QIAN S, LI B, PENG Z, LI M, SANG S, JIANG Q, SUN G: Reduced white matter integrity and cognitive deficits in maintenance hemodialysis ESRD patients: a diffusion-tensor study. Eur Radiol 25: 661-668, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00330-014-3466-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3466-5"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"ZOCCALI C, BENEDETTO FA, MAAS R, MALLAMACI F, TRIPEPI G, MALATINO LS, BOGER R, INVESTIGATORS C: Asymmetric dimethylarginine, C-reactive protein, and carotid intima-media thickness in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13: 490-496, 2002.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00437.x"}],"container-title":["Physiological Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T21:54:47Z","timestamp":1608674087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.biomed.cas.cz\/physiolres\/pdf\/2020\/69_1013.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"references-count":129,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33549\/physiolres.934420","relation":{},"ISSN":["1802-9973","0862-8408"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1802-9973","type":"electronic"},{"value":"0862-8408","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]}}}